Potasuma diformate(PDF) he paʻakai conjugated i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he meaʻai meaʻai non-antibiotic e hāpai i ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona.Eia nō naʻe, ua kākau ʻia nā haʻawina liʻiliʻi loa i nā ʻano wai, a kūʻē ka hopena.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua e pili ana i ka salmon Atlantika i nā meaʻai i loaʻa i ka iʻa i mālama ʻia me 1.4v PDF i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka hānai a me ka ulu ulu.ʻO nā hualoaʻa e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka tilapia hybrid ua hōʻike pū ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o 0.2 pākēneka PDF i nā meaʻai hoʻāʻo i hoʻonui nui i ka ulu a me ka maikaʻi o ka hānai ʻana, a ua hoʻemi i nā maʻi bacterial.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi o nā tilapia hybrid ʻōpio i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka PDF a hiki i ka 1.2 pakeneka o ka meaʻai ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana ulu ʻana, ʻoiai ke kāohi nui ʻana i ka bacteria gut.Ma muli o ka ʻike liʻiliʻi i loaʻa, ʻokoʻa ka maikaʻi o ka PDF i ka hana iʻa ma muli o nā ʻano, ke ʻano o ke ola, nā pae hoʻohui o PDF, ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me nā kūlana moʻomeheu.

Hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua

Ua hoʻokō ʻo ia i kahi hoʻokolohua ulu ma ka Oceanic Institute ma Hawaii, USA, e loiloi i ka hopena o ka PDF i ka hana ulu a me ka digestibility o ka ʻōpae keʻokeʻo Pākīpika i mahi ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana wai māmā.Ua hoʻolako kālā ʻia e ka US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service a ma o ka ʻaelike hui pū me ke Kulanui o Alaska Fairbanks.

'Opae ke'oke'o 'o Juvenile Pacific (Litopenaeus vannamei) ua kanu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana wai maʻemaʻe i loko o ka hale me 31 ppt salinity a me 25 degere-C wela.Ua hānai ʻia lākou i ʻeono mau meaʻai hoʻāʻo me 35 pākēneka protein a me 6 pākēneka lipid i loaʻa PDF ma 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 a i ʻole 1.5 pākēneka.

No kēlā me kēia 100 g, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka meaʻai basal e loaʻa i ka 30.0 grams soybean meal, 15.0 grams pollock meal, 6.0 grams squid meaʻai, 2.0 grams menhaden oil, 2.0 grams soy lecithin, 33.8 grams whole wheat, 1.0 grams chrom1ium oxide a me 1.0 grams ʻē aʻe. nā meaʻai (me nā minerala a me nā huaora).No kēlā me kēia meaʻai, ʻehā mau pahu 52-L i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 12 ʻoʻo / pahu.Me ka 0.84-gram mua o ke kino, ua hānai lima ʻia ka ʻōpae i ʻehā manawa i kēlā me kēia lā i ʻike ʻia ka māʻona no ʻewalu pule.

No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka digestibility, ua mahi ʻia nā ʻōpae 120 me ke kaumaha o ke kino o 9 a 10 grams i loko o kēlā me kēia pahu 18, 550-L me ʻekolu pahu / mālama meaʻai.Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Chromium oxide ma ke ʻano he māka i loko no ke ana ʻana i ka coefficient digestibility.

Nā hualoaʻa

ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha o ka ʻōpae i kēlā me kēia pule mai ka 0.6 a hiki i ka 0.8 grams a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka mālama ʻana me 1.2 a me 1.5 pākēneka o nā meaʻai PDF, akā ʻaʻole i ʻokoʻa loa (P> 0.05) ma waena o nā mālama meaʻai.ʻO ke ola o ka ʻōpae he 97 pakeneka a ʻoi aku paha ma ka hoʻāʻo ulu.

Ua like nā lakio hoʻololi hānai (FCR) no nā meaʻai me ka 0.3 a me ka 0.6 pakeneka PDF, a ua haʻahaʻa lāua ʻelua ma mua o ka FCR no ka 1.2 pākēneka PDF meaʻai (P <0.05) Eia naʻe, nā FCR no ka mana, 1.2 a me 1.5 pakeneka PDF ua like nā meaʻai (P > 0.05).

ʻO ka ʻōpae i hānai ʻia i ka 1.2 pākēneka o ka meaʻai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka digestibility (P <0.05) no ka mea maloʻo, ka protein a me ka ikaika nui ma mua o ka hānai ʻana i nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe (Fig. 2).ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ko lākou digestibility o nā lipid meaʻai (P> 0.05) e nā pae PDF.

Nā Manaʻo

Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka PDF a hiki i ka 1.5 pakeneka i loko o kahi meaʻai ʻaʻole i pili i ka ulu a me ke ola ʻana o ka ʻōpae i hoʻoulu ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana wai maʻemaʻe.Ua like kēia ʻike me ka ʻike mua ʻana me ka tilapia ʻōpio hybrid, akā ʻokoʻa nā hopena i loaʻa ma ka noiʻi me ka salmon Atlantic a me ka ulu ʻana o ka tilapia hybrid.

ʻO nā hopena o ka meaʻai PDF ma FCR a me ka digestibility i hōʻike ʻia i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i kēia haʻawina.Hiki paha i ka FCR kiʻekiʻe o ka 1.2 pākēneka PDF ʻai ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka protein, ka mea maloʻo a me ka ikaika nui no ka ʻai.He liʻiliʻi loa ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hopena o ka PDF i ka digestibility nutrient i nā ʻano wai.

ʻOkoʻa nā hopena o kēia noiʻi ʻana mai kahi hōʻike mua i ʻōlelo ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o PDF i ka ʻai iʻa i ka wā mālama ma mua o ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā meaʻai i hoʻonui i ka digestibility protein.ʻO nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka PDF meaʻai i loaʻa i nā haʻawina o kēia manawa a me nā haʻawina mua ma muli paha o nā kūlana like ʻole, e like me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā ʻano, ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka meaʻai a i ʻole nā ​​kūlana hoʻokolohua ʻē aʻe.ʻAʻole maopopo ke kumu o kēia ʻokoʻa a pono e hoʻokolokolo hou ʻia.