Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi o Betaine i ka ʻōpū o nā puaʻa weaned, akā poina pinepine ʻia i ka wā e noʻonoʻo ai i nā mea hoʻohui hiki ke kākoʻo i ke olakino ʻōpū a hōʻemi paha i nā pilikia e pili ana i ka weaning diarrhea.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine ma ke ʻano he meaʻai pono e hānai ai hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā holoholona ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO ka mea mua, loaʻa i ka betaine kahi mana hāʻawi pūʻulu methyl ikaika loa, ma ke ake o nā holoholona.Ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hui methyl paʻa ʻole, hoʻonui ʻia ka synthesis o nā pūhui like ʻole e like me ka methionine, carnitine a me ka creatine.No laila, pili ka betaine i ka protein, lipid a me ka metabolism ikehu o nā holoholona, ​​​​no laila e hoʻololi pono ai i ke ʻano o ke kupapaʻu.
ʻO ka lua, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka betaine i ka hānai ma ke ʻano he penetrant organik pale.Hana ʻo Betaine ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectant, e kōkua ana i nā cell i loko o ke kino e mālama i ke koena o ka wai a me ka hana kelepona, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā wā pilikia.ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona kaulana ka hopena maikaʻi o ka betaine i nā holoholona i loaʻa i ke kaumaha wela.
Ua wehewehe ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi like ʻole i ka hana holoholona ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka betaine ma ke ʻano anhydrous a i ʻole hydrochloride.E kālele ana kēia ʻatikala i nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana i ka betaine ma ke ʻano he meaʻai meaʻai e kākoʻo i ke olakino ʻōpū i nā puaʻa weaned.
Ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi betaine i ka hopena o ka betaine i ka digestibility nutrient i ka ileum a me ke kolon o nā puaʻa.ʻO ka nānā pinepine ʻana o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka digestibility fiber i loko o ka haleum (crude fiber or neutral and acid detergent fiber) manaʻo e hoʻoulu ka betaine i ka fermentation bacteria i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi no ka mea ʻaʻole hoʻopuka nā enterocytes i nā enzymes hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka fiber.Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana mea kanu nā meaʻai e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā microbial fibers.No laila, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility o ka mea maloʻo a me ka lehu maʻemaʻe.Ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū holoʻokoʻa, ua hānai ʻia nā puaʻa i ka ʻai o 800 mg betaine / kg i hōʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility o ka protein crude (+6.4%) a me ka mea maloʻo (+4.2%).Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka digestibility holoʻokoʻa o ka protein crude (+3.7%) a me ka ether extract (+6.7%) me ka betaine supplementation ma 1250 mg/kg.
ʻO kekahi kumu kūpono o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai ka hopena o ka betaine i ka hana ʻana o ka enzyme.ʻO kahi haʻawina in vivo hou e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻohui betaine i nā puaʻa weaned i loiloi i ka hana o nā enzyme digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin a me chymotrypsin) i loko o ka digesta (Fig. 1).Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o nā enzyme a pau, koe wale nō ka maltase, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka betaine ma kahi ʻano o 2500 mg betaine / kg hānai ma mua o ka nui o 1250 mg / kg hānai.Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka enzyme, akā hiki ke hopena mai ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka catalytic pono o nā enzymes.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua in vitro ua kāohi ʻia nā hana trypsin a me amylase ma ka hana ʻana i ke kaomi osmotic kiʻekiʻe ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana o NaCl.Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, hoʻohui ʻia ka betaine i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa like ʻole i hoʻihoʻi i ka hopena pale o NaCl a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana enzyme.Eia naʻe, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia ka sodium chloride i ka hoʻonā paʻa, ʻaʻohe hopena o ka betaine inclusion complex i ka hana enzyme ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hopena pale ma nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe.
Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hānai i nā puaʻa i hānai ʻia i ka betaine meaʻai, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka digestibility.ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine i nā meaʻai puaʻa e hōʻemi ana i ka pono o ka ikehu o ka holoholona.ʻO ke kuhiakau no kēia hopena i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka wā e loaʻa ai ka betaine no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaomi osmotic intracellular, e hoʻemi ʻia ka pono o nā pahū ion (kahi hana e pono ai ka ikehu).No laila, i nā kūlana i kaupalena ʻia ka ʻai ʻana o ka ikehu, manaʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka betaine ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ulu ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i nā koi ikehu.
Pono nā epithelial cell o ka pā ʻōpū e hoʻokō i nā kūlana osmotic nui loa i hana ʻia e nā ʻike o ka lumen intestinal i ka wā o ka ʻai ʻana i nā meaʻai.I ka manawa like, pono kēia mau epithelial intestinal cell no ka mālama ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wai a me nā meaʻai like ʻole ma waena o ka lumen intestinal a me ka plasma.No ka pale ʻana i nā cell mai kēia mau ʻano koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka betaine kahi mea hoʻopili organik koʻikoʻi.Inā ʻoe e nānā i ka neʻe ʻana o ka betaine i loko o nā ʻiʻo like ʻole, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ka betaine o ka ʻōpū.Hoʻohui ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau pae e ka nui o ka betaine meaʻai.E loaʻa i nā pūnaewele maikaʻi ka proliferative maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi.I ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana, uaʻike nā mea noiʻi i ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā pae betaine i loko o nā puaʻa i hoʻonui i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka duodenal villi a me ka hohonu o nā crypts ileal, a ua lilo ka villi iʻoi aku kaʻaʻahu.
Ma kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe villous me ka ʻole o ka hopena i ka hohonu o ka crypt i ka duodenum, jejunum, a me ka ileum.ʻOi aku ka koʻikoʻi o ka hopena pale o ka betaine ma ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū i nā maʻi kūikawā (osmotic), e like me ka nānā ʻana i nā moa broiler me ka coccidia.
ʻO ka pale o ka ʻōpū ka mea nui i hoʻopili ʻia me nā cell epithelial i hoʻopili ʻia kekahi i kekahi ma o nā protein hui paʻa.He mea nui ka paʻa o kēia pale e pale aku i ke komo ʻana o nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi pathogenic i hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka mumū.I loko o nā puaʻa, manaʻo ʻia nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma ka pā o ka ʻōpū ma muli o ka hoʻopili ʻia ʻana o nā meaʻai me nā mycotoxins a i ʻole kekahi o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaumaha wela.
No ke ana ʻana i ka hopena ma ka hopena pale, hoʻāʻo pinepine ʻia nā laina kelepona i loko o ka vitro ma ke ana ʻana i ke kūpaʻa uila transepithelial (TEER).Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka TEER i nā hoʻokolohua in vitro he nui ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka betaine.E emi ana ka TEER i ka wā e ʻike ʻia ai nā pūnaewele i nā wela kiʻekiʻe (42°C) (Figure 2).ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka betaine i ka mea ulu o kēia mau mea wela i kūʻē i ka emi ʻana o TEER, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka thermotolerance.Eia kekahi, ma nā haʻawina vivo i nā puaʻa i hōʻike ʻia i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o nā protein junction paʻa (occludin, claudin1 a me zonula occlusions-1) i loko o ka ʻiʻo jejunal o nā holoholona e loaʻa ana i ka betaine ma kahi maʻi o 1250 mg / kg i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka pūʻulu mana.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka hana diamine oxidase, kahi hōʻailona o ka pōʻino mucosal intestinal, i loko o ka plasma o kēia mau puaʻa, e hōʻike ana i kahi pale ʻoi aku ka ikaika.I ka wā i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka betaine i ka ʻai o ka pau ʻana o ka puaʻa, ua ana ʻia ka piʻi ʻana o ka ikaika o ka ʻōpū i ka pepehi ʻana.
I kēia mau lā, ua hoʻopili kekahi mau haʻawina i ka betaine i ka ʻōnaehana antioxidant a wehewehe i ka emi ʻana o nā radical manuahi, ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā pae malondialdehyde (MDA), a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hana glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou i nā puaʻa i hoʻonui ʻia ka hana GSH-Px i ka jejunum, akā ʻaʻohe hopena o ka betaine meaʻai i ka MDA.
ʻAʻole wale ka betaine e hana ma ke ʻano he osmoprotectant i nā holoholona, ​​akā hiki i nā ʻano bacteria ke hōʻiliʻili i ka betaine ma o de novo synthesis a i ʻole ka lawe ʻana mai ke kaiapuni.Aia nā hōʻike e loaʻa i ka betaine ka hopena maikaʻi i ka flora bacteria o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻōpū o nā puaʻa weaned.Ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā bacteria ileal, ʻoi aku ka bifidobacteria a me ka lactobacilli.Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā helu haʻahaʻa o Enterobacteriaceae i loko o ka waihona.
ʻO ka hopena hope loa i ʻike ʻia o ka betaine i ke olakino ʻāʻī i nā puaʻa weaned he hoʻemi i ka nui o ka maʻi maʻi.Pili paha kēia hopena: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka meaʻai me ka betaine ma kahi ʻano o 2500 mg/kg i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi ma mua o ka betaine ma kahi ʻano o 1250 mg/kg.Eia nō naʻe, ua like ka hana o ka weaner piglet ma nā pae hoʻohui ʻelua.Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka maʻi maʻi a me ka maʻi maʻi i nā puaʻa weaned ke hoʻohui ʻia me 800 mg/kg betaine.
ʻO ka mea mahalo, loaʻa i ka betaine hydrochloride nā hopena acidifying ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka betaine.I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohui betaine hydrochloride me ka pepsin e kōkua i ka poʻe me nā pilikia o ka ʻōpū a me ka digestive.I kēia hihia, lilo ka betaine hydrochloride i kumu palekana o ka waikawa hydrochloric.ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ʻike e pili ana i kēia waiwai ke hoʻokomo ʻia ka betaine hydrochloride i ka hānai puaʻa, he mea nui paha ia.Ua ʻike ʻia i loko o nā puaʻa weaned hiki ke kiʻekiʻe ka pH o ka ʻōpū (pH> 4), no laila ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka hoʻāla ʻana o ka pepsin protein-degrading enzyme i kāna pepsinogen precursor.He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻai ʻana o ka protein maikaʻi ʻaʻole wale i hiki i nā holoholona ke lawe pono i kēia meaʻai.Eia kekahi, hiki i ka protein digested maikaʻi ʻole ke alakaʻi i ka hoʻonui pono ʻole o nā pathogens opportunistic a hoʻonui i ka pilikia o ka maʻi ma hope o ka weaning.He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai pKa o Betaine ma kahi o 1.8, kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ai ka betaine hydrochloride i ka wā e ʻai ʻia ai, ka hopena o ka hoʻokahe ʻana o ka ʻōpū.Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana i ka manawa ma nā haʻawina kanaka mua a ma nā noiʻi canine.Ua ʻike nā ʻīlio i mālama mua ʻia me nā mea hoʻemi waika i ka emi nui o ka pH gastric mai ka pH 7 a i ka pH 2 ma hope o ka nui o ka 750 mg a i ʻole 1500 mg o ka betaine hydrochloride.Eia naʻe, i nā ʻīlio hoʻomalu i loaʻa ʻole i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ua emi nui ka pH gastric.Ma kahi o 2, me ka nānā ʻole i ka lawe ʻana i ka betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com