IBetaine inefuthe elincomekayo kumathumbu amantshontsho eehagu ezilunyulweyo, kodwa isoloko ilityalwa xa kuqwalaselwa izongezo ezinokubakho ukuxhasa impilo yamathumbu okanye ukunciphisa iingxaki ezinxulumene norhudo olulunyulwayo.Ukongeza i-betaine njengesondlo esisebenzayo ekutyeni kunokuchaphazela izilwanyana ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Okokuqala, i-betaine inamandla kakhulu okunikela ngeqela le-methyl, ngokukodwa kwisibindi sesilwanyana.Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqela e-methyl engazinzanga, ukuhlanganiswa kweekhompawundi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine kunye ne-creatine iphuculwe.Ngaloo ndlela, i-betaine ichaphazela iprotheni, i-lipid kunye ne-metabolism yamandla ezilwanyana, ngaloo ndlela iguqula ngokunenzuzo ukubunjwa kwesidumbu.
Okwesibini, i-betaine inokongezwa ekutyeni njengento ekhuselayo ye-organic penetrant.I-Betaine isebenza njenge-osmoprotectant, inceda iiseli kuwo wonke umzimba ukugcina ibhalansi yolwelo kunye nomsebenzi weselula, ngakumbi ngexesha loxinzelelo.Umzekelo owaziwayo yimpembelelo enenzuzo ye-betaine kwizilwanyana ezinengxaki yoxinzelelo lobushushu.
Iziphumo ezahlukeneyo eziluncedo ekusebenzeni kwezilwanyana ziye zachazwa njengesiphumo sokuxhaswa kwe-betaine kwifom ye-anhydrous okanye i-hydrochloride.Eli nqaku liza kujolisa kumathuba amaninzi okusebenzisa i-betaine njengesongezo sokutya ukuxhasa impilo yamathumbu kumantshontsho ehagu olunyuliweyo.
Izifundo ezininzi ze-betaine zichaze iziphumo ze-betaine kwisondlo sokutya kwi-ileum kunye nekholoni yeehagu.Ukuqwalaselwa okuphindaphindiweyo kokunyuka kwe-fiber digestibility kwi-ileum (i-fiber ekrwada okanye i-fiber engathathi hlangothi kunye ne-acid detergent fiber) ibonisa ukuba i-betaine ivuselela ukuvutshelwa kwebhaktheriya emathunjini amancinci ngenxa yokuba i-enterocytes ayivelisi i-fiber-degrading enzymes.Iindawo zezityalo ezine-Fibrous ziqulethe izondlo ezinokukhutshwa xa i-microbial fibers ibola.Ngoko ke, ukuphucuka kwindlela yokwetyisa into eyomileyo kunye nothuthu olukrwada nayo yabonwa.Kwinqanaba le-gastrointestinal tract, iihagu zondla ukutya kwe-800 mg betaine / kg zibonise ukuphuculwa kwe-digestibility yeprotheyini ekrwada (+ 6.4%) kunye neyomileyo (+ 4.2%).Ukongezelela, olunye uphando lufumene ukuba i-digestibility yonke ebonakalayo yeprotheni ekrwada (+ 3.7%) kunye ne-ether extract (+ 6.7%) yaphuculwa kunye ne-betaine supplementation kwi-1250 mg / kg.
Esinye isizathu esinokubakho sokwanda okubonwayo kokufunxa izondlo sisiphumo se-betaine kwimveliso ye-enzyme.Uphononongo olutshanje lwe-vivo malunga nemiphumo yokuxhaswa kwe-betaine kwiingulube ezilunyuliweyo zavavanya umsebenzi we-enzymes yokugaya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kunye ne-chymotrypsin) kwi-digesta (umzobo 1).Umsebenzi wazo zonke i-enzymes zanda, ngaphandle kwe-maltase, kwaye umphumo we-betaine wawuchazwe ngakumbi kwi-dose ye-2500 mg betaine / kg yokutya kunomlinganiselo we-1250 mg / kg yokutya.Ukonyuka komsebenzi kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kwemveliso ye-enzyme, kodwa kunokukhokelela ekwandeni kokusebenza kakuhle kwee-enzymes.Uvavanyo lwe-in vitro lubonise ukuba imisebenzi ye-trypsin kunye ne-amylase ivinjelwe ngokudala uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-osmotic ngokongezwa kwe-NaCl.Kolu vavanyo, ukongezwa kwe-betaine kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokugxininiswa kubuyisele umphumo wokuthintela we-NaCl kunye nokuphucula umsebenzi we-enzyme.Nangona kunjalo, xa kungekho sodium chloride yongezwa kwisisombululo se-buffer, i-betaine inclusion complex yayingenayo impembelelo kumsebenzi we-enzyme kwiindawo ezisezantsi, kodwa ibonise umphumo wokuthintela ekugxininiseni okuphezulu.
Ukukhula kokukhula okuphuculweyo kunye namazinga okuguqula ukutya kuye kwabikwa kwiihagu ezityiswa i-betaine yokutya, kunye nokuphucula ukucola ukutya.Ukongeza i-betaine kwizidlo zeehagu kunciphisa iimfuno zamandla esilwanyana.I-hypothesis yesi siphumo esiphawulweyo kukuba xa i-betaine ifumaneka ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic ye-intracellular, imfuno yeepompo ze-ion (inkqubo efuna amandla) iyancitshiswa.Ngaloo ndlela, kwiimeko apho ukuthathwa kwamandla kunqunyelwe, umphumo we-betaine supplementation kulindeleke ukuba ube mkhulu ngokunyusa ukukhula kunokugcina iimfuno zamandla.
Iiseli ze-Epithelial zodonga lwamathumbu kufuneka zijamelane neemeko eziguquguqukayo ze-osmotic ezenziwe yimixholo ye-lumen yamathumbu ngexesha lokugaya izondlo.Ngelo xesha, ezi seli ze-epithelial zamathumbu ziyimfuneko ekulawuleni ukutshintshiselwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ezahlukahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kunye ne-plasma.Ukukhusela iiseli kwezi meko zinzima, i-betaine yinto ebalulekileyo yokungena kwi-organic.Ukuba ujonga kugxininiso lwe-betaine kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo, unokubona ukuba izicubu zamathumbu zinamanqanaba aphezulu e-betaine.Ukongeza, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba la manqanaba anokuphenjelelwa kukugxilwa kwe-betaine yokutya.Iiseli ezilungelelanisiweyo ziya kuba namandla angcono okwandisa kunye nokuzinza okulungileyo.Isishwankathelo, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ukunyuka kwamanqanaba e-betaine kwiihagu kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kunye nobunzulu be-ileal crypts, kwaye i-villi yaba yinto efanayo.
Kwesinye isifundo, ukunyuka kobude obubi ngaphandle kwempembelelo kubunzulu be-crypt kunokubonwa kwi-duodenum, jejunum, kunye ne-ileum.Impembelelo yokukhusela ye-betaine kwisakhiwo samathumbu inokubaluleka ngakumbi kwizifo ezithile (i-osmotic), njengoko kubonwa kwiinkukhu ze-broiler kunye ne-coccidia.
Umqobo wamathumbu ngokuyinhloko uqulunqwe ngamaseli e-epithelial adityaniswe omnye komnye ngokusebenzisa iiprotheni ezidibeneyo.Ukunyaniseka kwesi sithintelo kubalulekile ukukhusela ukungena kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye neebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic ezinokuthi zibangele ukuvuvukala.Kwiihagu, iziphumo ezibi kumqobo wamathumbu kucingelwa ukuba zibangelwa kukungcoliseka kokutya nge mycotoxins okanye enye yeziphumo ezibi zoxinzelelo lobushushu.
Ukulinganisa umphumo kwimpembelelo yesithintelo, imigca yeeseli isoloko ivavanywa kwi-vitro ngokulinganisa i-transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER).Ukuphuculwa kwe-TEER kuye kwabonwa kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-vitro ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-betaine.I-TEER iyancipha xa iiseli zibonakaliswe kumaqondo aphezulu (42 ° C) (Umfanekiso 2).Ukongezwa kwe-betaine kwindawo yokukhula kwezi seli zishushu kuchasene nokuncipha kwe-TEER, ebonisa ukuphuculwa kwe-thermotolerance.Ukongezelela, kwizifundo ze-vivo kwii-piglets zibonakalise ukwanda kokubonakaliswa kweeprotheni ezidibeneyo (i-occludin, i-claudin1 kunye ne-zonula occlusions-1) kwi-jejunal tissue yezilwanyana ezifumana i-betaine kwi-dose ye-1250 mg / kg xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula.Ukongezelela, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase, uphawu lomonakalo we-intestinal mucosal, wancitshiswa kakhulu kwi-plasma yale ngulube, ebonisa umqobo onamandla wamathumbu.Xa i-betaine yongezwa kwisidlo sokugqiba iihagu, ukunyuka kwamandla okuqina kwamathumbu kulinganiswa ekuxhelweni.
Kungekudala, uphando oluninzi luye lwadibanisa i-betaine kwinkqubo ye-antioxidant kwaye ichaza ukunciphisa i-radicals yamahhala, ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kunye nokunyuka komsebenzi we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Uphononongo lwakutsha nje kwiihagu lubonise ukuba umsebenzi we-GSH-Px kwi-jejunum wanda, kanti i-betaine yokutya yayingenayo impembelelo kwi-MDA.
I-betaine ayisebenzi nje njenge-osmoprotectant kwizilwanyana, kodwa iibhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo zinokuqokelela i-betaine nge-de novo synthesis okanye ukuthutha ukusuka kwindalo.Kukho ubungqina bokuba i-betaine inokuba nefuthe elihle kwizityalo zebhaktiriya zesisu seehagu ezilunyulweyo.Inani elipheleleyo lebhaktheriya ye-ileal landa, ngakumbi i-bifidobacteria kunye ne-lactobacilli.Ukongezelela, amanani aphantsi e-Enterobacteriaceae afunyenwe kwisitulo.
Isiphumo sokugqibela esibonwayo se-betaine kwimpilo yamathumbu kumantshontsho alunyulwayo kukuncitshiswa kweziganeko zorhudo.Esi siphumo sinokuthi sixhomekeke kwi-dose: ukuxhaswa kokutya kunye ne-betaine kwi-dose ye-2500 mg / kg yayisebenza ngakumbi ekunciphiseni iziganeko zesifo sohudo kune-betaine kwi-dose ye-1250 mg / kg.Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kweehagu ezilunyuliweyo kwakufana kuwo omabini amanqanaba okongeza.Abanye abaphandi babonise amazinga asezantsi orhudo kunye nokugula kumantshontsho ehagu olunyuliweyo xa bencediswa nge 800 mg/kg betaine.
Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, i-betaine hydrochloride ineempembelelo ezinokubakho ze-asidi njengomthombo we-betaine.Kumayeza, izongezo ze-betaine hydrochloride zihlala zisetyenziswa ngokudityaniswa ne-pepsin ukunceda abantu abanesisu kunye neengxaki zokugaya ukutya.Kule meko, i-betaine hydrochloride isebenza njengomthombo okhuselekileyo we-hydrochloric acid.Nangona kungekho lwazi lukhoyo malunga nesi sakhiwo xa i-betaine hydrochloride ifakiwe kwisondlo samantshontsho ehagu, ingabalulekile.Kuyaziwa ukuba kwiihagu ezilunyuliweyo i-pH yesisu ingaba phezulu (pH> 4), ngaloo ndlela iphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-enzyme ye-pepsin-degrading enzyme kwi-precursor pepsinogen.Ukwetyisa kweprotheyini okufanelekileyo kubalulekile kungekuphela nje ukuze izilwanyana zikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo esi sondlo.Ukongeza, iprotein engotyiswanga kakuhle inokukhokelela ekwandeni ngokungeyomfuneko kwezifo ezithatha amathuba kwaye zenze mandundu ingxaki yorhudo lwasemva kokulunyulwa.I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa elimalunga ne-1.8, elibangela ukuba i-betaine hydrochloride ihlukane xa ityiwe, okukhokelela kwi-asidi yesisu.Oku kuphinda kufakwe i-acidification okwethutyana kuye kwabonwa kwizifundo zokuqala zabantu kunye nezifundo ze-canine.Izinja ebezinyangwa ngaphambili ngezinciphisi ze-asidi ziye zehla ngokumangalisayo kwi-pH yesisu ukusuka malunga ne-pH yesi-7 ukuya kwi-pH 2 emva kwedosi enye ye-750 mg okanye i-1500 mg ye-betaine hydrochloride.Nangona kunjalo, kwizinja zokulawula ezingazange zifumane ichiza, i-pH yesisu yehle kakhulu.Malunga ne-2, nokuba ithini i-betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com