Betaine e na le phello e ntle maleng a likolobe tse khoesitsoeng, empa hangata e lebaloa ha ho nahanoa ka lisebelisoa tse ka bang teng ho tšehetsa bophelo bo botle ba mala kapa ho fokotsa mathata a amanang le lets'ollo la ho khoesoa.Ho eketsa betaine joalo ka limatlafatsi tse sebetsang ho fepa ho ka ama liphoofolo ka mekhoa e fapaneng.
Taba ea pele, betaine e na le bokhoni bo matla ba ho fana ka sehlopha sa methyl, haholo-holo sebeteng sa phoofolo.Ka lebaka la ho fetisoa ha lihlopha tsa methyl tse sa tsitsang, motsoako oa metsoako e sa tšoaneng e kang methionine, carnitine le creatine ea ntlafatsoa.Kahoo, betaine e ama protheine, lipid le metabolism ea matla ea liphoofolo, ka hona e fetola sebopeho sa setopo ka tsela e molemo.
Taba ea bobeli, betaine e ka eketsoa ho fepa joalo ka phenethi e sireletsang.Betaine e sebetsa joalo ka osmoprotectant, e thusa lisele ho pholletsa le 'mele ho boloka botsitso ba mokelikeli le tšebetso ea lisele, haholo-holo nakong ea khatello ea maikutlo.Mohlala o tsebahalang ke phello e ntle ea betaine ho liphoofolo tse nang le khatello ea mocheso.
Liphello tse fapaneng tse molemo mabapi le ts'ebetso ea liphoofolo li hlalositsoe ka lebaka la tlatsetso ea betaine ka foromo ea anhydrous kapa hydrochloride.Sengoliloeng sena se tla shebana le menyetla e mengata ea ho sebelisa betaine joalo ka tlatsetso ea phepelo ho ts'ehetsa bophelo bo botle ba mala a likolobe tse khoesitsoeng.
Liphuputso tse 'maloa tsa betaine li tlalehile litlamorao tsa betaine mabapi le tšilo ea limatlafatsi ka har'a ileum le colon ea likolobe.Maikutlo a pheta-phetoang a ho eketseha ha fiber digestibility ka har'a ileum (fiber e tala kapa e sa nke lehlakore le e nang le asiti e hloekisang acid) e fana ka maikutlo a hore betaine e susumetsa ho belisoa ha baktheria ka maleng a manyenyane hobane li-enterocyte ha li hlahise li-enzyme tse senyang fiber.Likarolo tsa limela tse nang le fiber li na le limatlafatsi tse ka lokolloang ha likhoele tsa likokoana-hloko li bola.Ka hona, ho ile ha boela ha hlokomeloa ntlafatso ea tšilo ea lintho tse omileng le molora o tala.Boemong ba pampitšana eohle ea mala, likolobe tse fepehileng lijo tsa 800 mg betaine / kg li bonts'itse tšilo e ntlafalitsoeng ea protheine e tala (+ 6.4%) le ntho e omileng (+ 4.2%).Ho feta moo, phuputso e 'ngoe e fumane hore tšilo e hlakileng ea protheine e tala (+ 3.7%) le tlhahiso ea ether (+ 6.7%) e ntlafalitsoe ka tlatsetso ea betaine ho 1250 mg / kg.
Lebaka le leng le ka bang teng la keketseho e bonoang ea ho monya limatlafatsi ke phello ea betaine tlhahisong ea enzyme.Phuputso ea morao-rao ea vivo mabapi le liphello tsa tlatsetso ea betaine ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng li ile tsa hlahloba mosebetsi oa li-enzyme tsa tšilo ea lijo (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin le chymotrypsin) ka har'a tšilo ea lijo (setšoantšo sa 1).Ts'ebetso ea li-enzyme tsohle e ile ea eketseha, ntle le maltase, 'me phello ea betaine e ile ea bonahala haholo ka tekanyo ea 2500 mg betaine / kg ea lijo ho feta tekanyo ea 1250 mg / kg.Keketseho ea ts'ebetso e ka bakoa ke tlhahiso e eketsehileng ea li-enzyme, empa hape e ka bakoa ke ts'ebetso e matla ea li-enzyme.Liteko tsa in vitro li bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea trypsin le amylase e thibetsoe ka ho theha khatello e phahameng ea osmotic ka ho eketsoa ha NaCl.Tekong ena, tlatsetso ea betaine libakeng tse fapaneng e khutlisitse phello ea inhibitory ea NaCl le ts'ebetso e ntlafalitsoeng ea enzyme.Leha ho le joalo, ha ho ne ho se na sodium chloride e kentsoeng tharollong ea buffer, motsoako oa ho kenyelletsa betaine o ne o se na phello mosebetsing oa enzyme maemong a tlase, empa o ile oa bonts'a phello ea inhibitory maemong a batlang a phahame.
Ts'ebetso e ntlafetseng ea kholo le litekanyetso tsa phetoho ea lijo li tlalehile likolobe tse feptjoang ka betaine ea lijo, hammoho le ho ntlafatsa tšilo ea lijo.Ho eketsa betaine lijong tsa likolobe ho boetse ho fokotsa litlhoko tsa matla a phoofolo.Khopolo-taba ea phello ena e hlokometsoeng ke hore ha betaine e fumaneha ho boloka khatello ea intracellular osmotic, tlhokahalo ea lipompo tsa ion (mokhoa o hlokang matla) e fokotsehile.Ka hona, maemong ao ho kenngoa ha matla ho fokolang, phello ea tlatsetso ea betaine e lebeletsoe hore e be kholo ka ho eketsa kholo ho e-na le ho boloka litlhoko tsa matla.
Lisele tsa Epithelial tsa lebota la mala li tlameha ho sebetsana ka katleho le maemo a fapaneng haholo a osmotic a entsoeng ke likahare tsa lumen ea mala nakong ea tšilo ea limatlafatsi.Ka nako e ts'oanang, lisele tsena tsa epithelial tsa mala li bohlokoa bakeng sa ho laola phapanyetsano ea metsi le limatlafatsi tse sa tšoaneng pakeng tsa lumen ea mala le plasma.Ho sireletsa lisele ho tloha maemong ana a thata, betaine ke ntho ea bohlokoa e kenang.Haeba u sheba bongata ba betaine liseleng tse fapaneng, u ka bona hore lisele tsa mala li na le maemo a holimo haholo a betaine.Ho feta moo, ho 'nile ha hlokomeloa hore maemo ana a ka susumetsoa ke lijo tsa betaine.Lisele tse leka-lekaneng hantle li tla ba le bokhoni bo betere ba ho ata le botsitso bo botle.Ka kakaretso, bafuputsi ba fumane hore ho eketseha ha maemo a betaine ho likolobe ho ile ha eketsa bophahamo ba duodenal villi le botebo ba li-ileal crypts, 'me villi e ile ea fetoha e ts'oanang haholoanyane.
Phuputsong e 'ngoe, ho eketseha ha bophahamo bo bobe ntle le phello ho botebo ba crypt ho ka bonoa ka duodenum, jejunum le ileum.Tšireletso ea betaine mohahong oa mala e ka ba ea bohlokoa haholo ho mafu a itseng (osmotic), joalokaha ho hlokometsoe likhoho tsa broiler tse nang le coccidia.
Tšitiso ea mala e entsoe haholo ka lisele tsa epithelial tse khomaretsoeng ka har'a liprotheine tse kopaneng.Botšepehi ba mokoallo ona ke ba bohlokoa ho thibela ho kena ha lintho tse kotsi le libaktheria tsa pathogenic tse ka bakang ho ruruha.Ho dikolobe, ditlamorao tse mpe ho mokoallo wa mala ho nahanoa e le ka lebaka la ho silafala ha dijo ka mycotoxins kapa e nngwe ya ditlamorao tse mpe tsa kgatello ya mocheso.
Ho lekanya phello ho phello ea mokoallo, mela ea lisele e atisa ho lekoa ka in vitro ka ho lekanya transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER).Lintlafatso ho TEER li bonoa litekong tse ngata tsa in vitro ka lebaka la ts'ebeliso ea betaine.TEER e fokotseha ha lisele li pepesehetse mocheso o phahameng (42°C) (Setšoantšo sa 2).Keketso ea betaine mocheng oa ho hola oa lisele tsena tse futhumetseng e ile ea hanyetsa ho fokotseha ha TEER, e leng se bontšang ho ntlafala ha thermotolerance.Ho phaella moo, liphuputso tsa li-vivo ho likolobe li ile tsa senola ho eketseha ha polelo ea liprotheine tse thata (occludin, claudin1 le zonula occlusions-1) ho jejunal tissue ea liphoofolo tse amohelang betaine ka tekanyo ea 1250 mg / kg ha e bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo.Ho phaella moo, ts'ebetso ea diamine oxidase, letšoao la tšenyo ea mala a mala, e fokotsehile haholo ka plasma ea likolobe tsena, e leng se bontšang hore ho na le tšitiso e matla ea mala.Ha betaine e kenngoa lijong tsa likolobe tse qetellang, ho eketseha ha matla a mala a mala ho ne ho lekanyetsoa polaong.
Morao tjena, liphuputso tse 'maloa li amahantse betaine le tsamaiso ea antioxidant' me li hlalosa ho fokotseha ha li-radicals tsa mahala, ho fokotseha ha maemo a malondialdehyde (MDA), le ho eketseha ha mosebetsi oa glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Phuputso ea morao-rao ea likolobe e bontšitse hore ts'ebetso ea GSH-Px ho jejunum e eketsehile, athe betaine ea lijo e ne e se na phello ho MDA.
Ha se feela hore betaine e sebetsa joalo ka osmoprotectant liphoofolong, empa libaktheria tse fapaneng li ka bokella betaine ka de novo synthesis kapa lipalangoang ho tsoa tikolohong.Ho na le bopaki ba hore betaine e ka ba le phello e ntle ho limela tsa baktheria tsa mala a likolobe tse khoesitsoeng.Palo eohle ea libaktheria tsa ileal e ile ea eketseha, haholo-holo bifidobacteria le lactobacilli.Ho feta moo, palo e tlase ea Enterobacteriaceae e ile ea fumanoa setulong.
Phello ea ho qetela e hlokometsoeng ea betaine ho bophelo bo botle ba mala ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng e bile phokotso ea sekhahla sa letšollo.Phello ena e ka 'na ea itšetleha ka lethal dose: tlatsetso ea lijo le betaine ka tekanyo ea 2500 mg / kg e ne e sebetsa haholo ho fokotsa sekhahla sa letšollo ho feta betaine ka tekanyo ea 1250 mg / kg.Leha ho le joalo, ts'ebetso ea li-weaner piglet e ne e tšoana maemong ka bobeli a tlatsetso.Bafuputsi ba bang ba bontšitse litekanyetso tse tlase tsa letšollo le ho kula ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ha li tlatsetsoa ka 800 mg/kg betaine.
Ho khahlisang, betaine hydrochloride e na le litlamorao tse ka bang tsa asiti joalo ka mohloli oa betaine.Litlhare, li-supplement tsa betaine hydrochloride hangata li sebelisoa hammoho le pepsin ho thusa batho ba nang le mathata a mala le tšilo ea lijo.Tabeng ena, betaine hydrochloride e sebetsa e le mohloli o sireletsehileng oa hydrochloric acid.Leha ho sena tlhahisoleseling mabapi le thepa ena ha betaine hydrochloride e kenyelelitsoe phepong ea likolobe, e kanna ea ba bohlokoa.Hoa tsebahala hore likolobeng tse khoesitsoeng pH ea ka mpeng e ka ba holimo haholo (pH> 4), kahoo e sitisa ts'ebetso ea enzyme ea pepsin e senyang protheine ho pepsinogen ea eona ea pele.Ho sila hantle ha protheine ho bohlokoa eseng feela hore liphoofolo li ka sebelisa limatlafatsi tsena ka botlalo.Ho feta moo, protheine e sa siloeng hantle e ka lebisa ho ata ho sa hlokahaleng ha likokoana-hloko tse nkang monyetla le ho mpefatsa bothata ba letšollo ka mor'a ho khoesoa.Betaine e na le boleng bo tlase ba pKa e ka bang 1.8, e etsang hore betaine hydrochloride e ikarole ha e nooa, e leng se bakang asiti ea ka mpeng.Re-acidization ena ea nakoana e 'nile ea bonoa lithutong tsa pele tsa batho le lithutong tsa canine.Lintja tse kileng tsa phekoloa ka li-acid tse fokotsang asiti li bile le phokotseho e makatsang ea pH ea ka mpeng ho tloha ho pH e ka bang 7 ho isa ho pH 2 kamora tekanyetso e le 'ngoe ea 750 mg kapa 1500 mg ea betaine hydrochloride.Leha ho le joalo, ho lintja tsa taolo tse sa kang tsa fumana moriana, pH ea ka mpeng e fokotsehile haholo.Hoo e ka bang 2, ho sa natsoe ho noa betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com