Betaine imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino m'matumbo a ana a nkhumba oyamwitsidwa, koma nthawi zambiri amaiwala poganizira zowonjezera zomwe zingathe kuthandizira thanzi la m'matumbo kapena kuchepetsa mavuto okhudzana ndi kutsekula m'mimba.Kuonjezera betaine ngati chakudya chothandiza kudyetsa kungakhudze nyama m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Choyamba, betaine ali ndi mphamvu yopereka methyl gulu lamphamvu, makamaka pachiwindi cha nyama.Chifukwa cha kusamutsidwa kwa magulu osakhazikika a methyl, kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga methionine, carnitine ndi creatine kumawonjezeka.Chifukwa chake, betaine imakhudza mapuloteni, lipid ndi metabolism yamphamvu ya nyama, potero amasintha kapangidwe ka nyama.
Kachiwiri, betaine ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya ngati cholowera choteteza.Betaine imagwira ntchito ngati osmoprotectant, imathandiza maselo m'thupi lonse kuti azikhala ndi madzimadzi komanso ma cell, makamaka panthawi yamavuto.Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino ndi phindu la betaine pa nyama zomwe zikuvutika ndi kutentha.
Zopindulitsa zosiyanasiyana pazinyama zafotokozedwa ngati zotsatira za betaine supplementation mu mawonekedwe a anhydrous kapena hydrochloride.Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zambiri za kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito betaine ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya chothandizira thanzi lamatumbo a nkhumba zoletsedwa kuyamwa.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa betaine adanenanso za zotsatira za betaine pakukula kwa michere mu leamu ndi m'matumbo a nkhumba.Kuwona mobwerezabwereza kwa kuchuluka kwa fiber digestibility mu ileamu (ulusi wakuda kapena wosalowerera ndi acid detergent fiber) zimasonyeza kuti betaine imapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya afufuze m'matumbo aang'ono chifukwa ma enterocyte samatulutsa michere yowonongeka.Zigawo za zomera zimakhala ndi zakudya zomwe zimatha kutulutsidwa pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tawola.Motero, kusintha kwa digestibility wa zinthu zowuma ndi phulusa losakhwima linawonedwanso.Pa mlingo wa thirakiti lonse la m'mimba, nkhumba zodyetsera zakudya za 800 mg betaine / kg zimasonyeza bwino digestibility ya mapuloteni osakanizidwa (+ 6.4%) ndi zinthu zouma (+ 4.2%).Kuonjezera apo, kafukufuku wina adapeza kuti chiwopsezo chowoneka bwino cha mapuloteni osakanizidwa (+ 3.7%) ndi ether extract (+ 6.7%) chinasinthidwa ndi betaine supplementation pa 1250 mg / kg.
Chifukwa chimodzi chotheka cha kuwonjezeka kwa kuyamwa kwa michere ndi mphamvu ya betaine pakupanga ma enzyme.Kafukufuku waposachedwapa mu vivo pa zotsatira za betaine supplementation mu ana a nkhumba oyamwitsa anawunika ntchito ya michere ya m'mimba (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin ndi chymotrypsin) mu digesta (mkuyu 1).Ntchito ya michere yonse kuchuluka, kupatula maltase, ndi zotsatira za betaine zambiri kutchulidwa mlingo wa 2500 mg betaine/kg chakudya kuposa mlingo wa 1250 mg/kg chakudya.Kuchulukitsa kwa ma enzymes kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma enzymes, koma kungayambitsenso kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya ma enzymes.Kuyesa kwa in vitro kwawonetsa kuti ntchito za trypsin ndi amylase zimalephereka popanga kupanikizika kwambiri kwa osmotic kudzera pakuwonjezera kwa NaCl.Pakuyesa uku, kuwonjezera kwa betaine pazigawo zosiyanasiyana kunabwezeretsanso kulepheretsa kwa NaCl ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a enzyme.Komabe, pamene palibe sodium chloride yomwe idawonjezeredwa ku yankho la bafa, kuphatikizika kwa betaine sikunakhudze ntchito ya ma enzyme pamlingo wocheperako, koma kumawonetsa kulepheretsa pakukhazikika kwakukulu.
Kukula kwakukula komanso kusinthika kwazakudya zanenedwa mu nkhumba zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi betaine, komanso kuwongolera kagayidwe.Kuwonjezera zakudya za betaine ku nkhumba kumachepetsanso mphamvu za nyama.Lingaliro lazotsatirazi ndiloti pamene betaine imapezeka kuti ikhalebe ndi intracellular osmotic pressure, kufunikira kwa mapampu a ion (njira yomwe imafuna mphamvu) imachepetsedwa.Choncho, m'malo omwe mphamvu zowonjezera zimakhala zochepa, zotsatira za betaine supplementation zimayembekezeredwa kuti zikhale zazikulu powonjezera kukula m'malo mosunga zofunikira za mphamvu.
Maselo a epithelial a khoma la m'mimba ayenera kulimbana ndi kusintha kwa osmotic komwe kumapangidwa ndi zomwe zili m'matumbo a m'mimba panthawi ya chimbudzi cha zakudya.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maselo a m'mimba a epithelial ndi ofunikira kuti athetse kusinthana kwa madzi ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana pakati pa lumen ya m'mimba ndi plasma.Kuteteza ma cell ku zovuta izi, betaine ndi gawo lofunikira la organic.Mukayang'ana kuchuluka kwa betaine m'magulu osiyanasiyana, mutha kuwona kuti minofu yam'mimba imakhala ndi betaine wambiri.Kuphatikiza apo, zadziwika kuti milingo iyi imatha kukhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwazakudya za betaine.Maselo okhazikika bwino adzakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera bwino komanso kukhazikika kwabwino.Mwachidule, ofufuza adapeza kuti kuchuluka kwa betaine mu ana a nkhumba kumawonjezera kutalika kwa duodenal villi komanso kuya kwa ma ileal crypts, ndipo villi idakhala yofananira.
Mu kafukufuku wina, kuwonjezeka kwa msinkhu woipa popanda kukhudza kuya kwa crypt kungawonedwe mu duodenum, jejunum, ndi ileum.Kuteteza kwa betaine pamatumbo am'mimba kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri pa matenda enieni (osmotic), monga momwe amawonera nkhuku za broiler ndi coccidia.
Chotchinga cha m'matumbo chimapangidwa makamaka ndi maselo a epithelial omwe amamangiriridwa wina ndi mnzake kudzera m'mapuloteni olumikizana.Kukhulupirika kwa chotchinga ichi ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kulowa kwa zinthu zovulaza ndi mabakiteriya a pathogenic omwe angayambitse kutupa.Mu nkhumba, zotsatira zoipa pa chotchinga matumbo amaganiziridwa kuti ndi chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya ndi mycotoxins kapena chimodzi mwa zotsatira zoipa za kutentha kwa kutentha.
Kuti muyeze zotsatira za chotchinga, mizere yama cell imayesedwa mu vitro poyesa transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER).Kuwongolera kwa TEER kwawonedwa muzoyeserera zambiri za in vitro chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito betaine.TEER imachepa pamene maselo ali ndi kutentha kwakukulu (42 ° C) (Chithunzi 2).Kuwonjezera kwa betaine ku sing'anga ya kukula kwa maselo otenthawa kunatsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa TEER, kusonyeza kusintha kwa kutentha kwa thupi.Kuonjezera apo, maphunziro a mu vivo mu nkhumba za nkhumba adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa mapuloteni osakanikirana (occludin, claudin1 ndi zonula occlusions-1) mu minofu ya jejunal ya nyama zomwe zimalandira betaine pa mlingo wa 1250 mg / kg poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira.Kuonjezera apo, ntchito ya diamine oxidase, chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwa matumbo a m'mimba, inachepetsedwa kwambiri mu plasma ya nkhumbazi, kusonyeza chotchinga champhamvu cha m'mimba.Pamene betaine adawonjezeredwa ku zakudya za nkhumba zomaliza, kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya m'mimba kumayesedwa pakupha.
Posachedwapa, kafukufuku wambiri wagwirizanitsa betaine ndi antioxidant system ndipo adalongosola kuchepa kwa ma radicals aulere, kuchepa kwa malondialdehyde (MDA), komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa ana a nkhumba adawonetsa kuti ntchito ya GSH-Px mu jejunum idakula, pomwe betaine yazakudya inalibe mphamvu pa MDA.
Sikuti betaine imakhala ngati osmoprotectant mu nyama, koma mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana amatha kudziunjikira betaine kudzera mu kaphatikizidwe ka de novo kapena kunyamula kuchokera ku chilengedwe.Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti betaine akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa zomera bakiteriya wa m`mimba thirakiti kuyamwa nkhumba.Chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya a ileal chinawonjezeka, makamaka bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli.Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero chochepa cha Enterobacteriaceae chinapezeka mu chopondapo.
Chotsatira chomaliza cha betaine pa thanzi lamatumbo mwa ana a nkhumba oyamwitsidwa chinali kuchepa kwa kutsekula m'mimba.Izi zitha kukhala zodalira mlingo: kuphatikizika kwazakudya ndi betaine pa mlingo wa 2500 mg/kg kunali kothandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kutsekula m'mimba kuposa betaine pa mlingo wa 1250 mg/kg.Komabe, machitidwe a piglet weaner anali ofanana pamagulu onse owonjezera.Ofufuza ena awonetsa kutsika kwa kutsekula m'mimba ndi kudwala kwa ana a nkhumba oyamwitsidwa atawonjezeredwa ndi 800 mg/kg betaine.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti betaine hydrochloride imatha kukhala ndi acidifying ngati gwero la betaine.Muzamankhwala, betaine hydrochloride supplements nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi pepsin kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la m'mimba komanso kugaya chakudya.Pankhaniyi, betaine hydrochloride amagwira ntchito ngati gwero la hydrochloric acid.Ngakhale palibe chidziwitso chopezeka chokhudza malowa betaine hydrochloride ikaphatikizidwa muzakudya za nkhumba, zitha kukhala zofunikira.Zimadziwika kuti mu nkhumba zoletsedwa kuyamwa pH ya m'mimba imatha kukhala yokwera kwambiri (pH> 4), motero imasokoneza kuyambitsa kwa pepsin protein-degrading enzyme mu precursor pepsinogen.Kudya bwino kwa mapuloteni ndikofunikira osati kuti nyama zithe kugwiritsa ntchito bwino michereyi.Kuonjezera apo, mapuloteni osagayidwa bwino angapangitse kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tichuluke mosayenera ndipo vuto lotsekula m'mimba mukangosiya kuyamwa.Betaine ali ndi mtengo wochepa wa pKa pafupifupi 1.8, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti betaine hydrochloride isiyane ikalowetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti m'mimba asidi apangidwe.Kukonzanso kwakanthawi kumeneku kwawonedwa m'maphunziro oyambilira a anthu komanso maphunziro a canine.Agalu omwe adathandizidwa kale ndi ochepetsa asidi adatsika kwambiri m'mimba pH kuchokera pafupifupi pH 7 mpaka pH 2 pambuyo pa mlingo umodzi wa 750 mg kapena 1500 mg wa betaine hydrochloride.Komabe, pakuwongolera agalu omwe sanalandire mankhwalawa, pH ya m'mimba idatsika kwambiri.Pafupifupi 2, mosasamala kanthu za kudya kwa betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com