Betaine ine simba rakanaka pamatumbu enguruve dzakarumurwa, asi rinowanzokanganwika kana tichitarisa zvingangobatsira kutsigira utano hwematumbu kana kuderedza matambudziko ane chekuita nekurumurwa kwemanyoka.Kuwedzera betaine semushonga unoshanda pakudya kunogona kukanganisa mhuka nenzira dzakasiyana.
Kutanga, betaine ine simba rakasimba remupiro weboka remethyl, kunyanya muchiropa chemhuka.Nekuda kwekutamiswa kwemapoka emethyl asina kugadzikana, kuumbwa kweakasiyana makomisheni akadai semethionine, carnitine uye creatine kunowedzerwa.Nokudaro, betaine inokanganisa mapuroteni, lipid uye simba remetabolism yemhuka, nekudaro zvinobatsira kuchinja kuumbwa kwechitunha.
Chechipiri, betaine inogona kuwedzerwa kudyisa seyekudzivirira organic penetrant.Betaine inoshanda se osmoprotectant, inobatsira masero mumuviri wese kuchengetedza chiyero chemvura uye cellular chiitiko, kunyanya panguva yekushushikana.Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndiwo mugumisiro unobatsira we betaine pamhuka dzine dambudziko rekupisa.
Zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira pakuita kwemhuka zvakatsanangurwa semhedzisiro ye betaine supplementation mune anhydrous kana hydrochloride fomu.Ichi chinyorwa chichatarisa pane zvakawanda zvingangoitika zvekushandisa betaine sechikafu chekuwedzera kutsigira hutano hwehutu munguruve dzakarumurwa.
Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dze betaine dzakashuma mhedzisiro ye betaine pane inovaka muviri digestibility muileum uye colon yenguruve.Kudzokororwa kwekuwedzera kwefiber digestibility muileum (crude fiber kana kusarerekera uye acid detergent fiber) inoratidza kuti betaine inokurudzira kuvirisa kwebhakitiriya mudumbu duku nokuti enterocytes haigadziri fiber-degrading enzymes.Fibrous plant parts ane zvinovaka muviri zvinogona kuburitswa kana ma microbial fiber aora.Nokudaro, kuvandudzwa kwekugayiwa kwezvinhu zvakaoma uye madota asina kuchena akaonekwa zvakare.Pamwero wechikamu chose chegumbo, nguruve dzakadyisa kudya kwe800 mg betaine / kg yakaratidza kugadziriswa kweprotein isina kuchena (+ 6.4%) uye yakaoma (+ 4.2%).Uyezve, imwe tsvakurudzo yakawana kuti iyo inooneka yakazara digestibility ye crude protein (+ 3.7%) uye ether extract (+ 6.7%) yakagadziridzwa ne betaine supplementation pa 1250 mg / kg.
Chimwe chikonzero chekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekudya kunovaka muviri ndeye mhedzisiro ye betaine pakugadzirwa kwe enzyme.Ichangobva kuongororwa mu vivo pamusoro pemigumisiro ye betaine supplementation munguruve dzakarumurwa yakaongorora basa rekudya enzymes (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin uye chymotrypsin) mu digesta (Fig. 1).Basa rema enzymes ose akawedzera, kunze kwe maltase, uye mhedzisiro ye betaine yainyanya kutaurwa pamushonga we 2500 mg betaine / kg yekudya pane muyero we1250 mg / kg feed.Kuwedzera kwekuita kunogona kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwe enzyme, asi kunogonawo kuguma nekuwedzera kwekuita kwekuita kwema enzymes.In vitro miedzo yakaratidza kuti trypsin uye amylase zviitiko zvinodzivirirwa nekugadzira yakakwira osmotic pressure kuburikidza nekuwedzera kweNaCl.Muchiyedzo ichi, kuwedzera kwe betaine pane dzakasiyana siyana kwakadzoreredza inhibitory mhedzisiro yeNaCl uye yakavandudza enzyme basa.Nekudaro, kana pasina sodium chloride yakawedzerwa kune iyo buffer mhinduro, iyo betaine inclusion complex haina mhedzisiro pakuita kwe enzyme pane yakaderera, asi yakaratidza inhibitory mhedzisiro pane yakanyanya kuwanda.
Kuvandudzwa kwekukura kwekuita uye kutendeuka kwekudya kwakataurwa munguruve dzakadyiswa kudya betaine, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwekudya.Kuwedzera betaine pakudya kwenguruve kunoderedzawo simba remhuka.Kufungidzira kweichi chiitiko chakaonekwa ndechekuti kana betaine iripo kuchengetedza intracellular osmotic pressure, kudiwa kwemapombi eion (maitiro anoda simba) anoderedzwa.Nokudaro, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kushandiswa kwesimba kunopera, mhedzisiro ye betaine supplementation inotarisirwa kuva yakakura nekuwedzera kukura pane kuchengetedza simba rinodiwa.
Epithelial masero emadziro emukati anofanirwa kutarisana neyakasiyana-siyana osmotic mamiriro akagadzirwa nezviri mukati memukati lumen panguva yekugaya kwezvinovaka muviri.Panguva imwecheteyo, masero aya emudumbu epithelial anokosha pakudzora kuchinjana kwemvura uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya pakati pemukumbo lumen uye plasma.Kuchengetedza maseru kubva kumamiriro aya akaomarara, betaine yakakosha organic inopinda.Kana iwe ukatarisa kuwanda kwebetaine mumatishu akasiyana, unogona kuona kuti matishu emudumbu ane mazinga akanyanya e betaine.Pamusoro pezvo, zvakacherechedzwa kuti aya mazinga anogona kupesvedzerwa nekudya kwebetaine.Masero akanyatsogadzikana achave ane simba rekuwedzera uye kugadzikana kwakanaka.Muchidimbu, vaongorori vakawana kuti kuwedzera betaine mazinga munguruve kwakawedzera kureba kwe duodenal villi uye kudzika kweileal crypts, uye villi yakawedzera yunifomu.
Mune imwe ongororo, kuwedzera kwehurefu hwakashata pasina mhedzisiro pakudzika kwecrypt kunogona kucherechedzwa mu duodenum, jejunum, uye ileum.Kudzivirira kwebetaine pakugadzirwa kwematumbo kunogona kuve kwakakosha mune zvakananga (osmotic) zvirwere, sezvinoonekwa mubroiler huku necoccidia.
Iyo intestinal barriers inonyanya kuumbwa nemasero epithelial akabatanidzwa kune mumwe nemumwe kuburikidza neakasimba junction mapuroteni.Kuvimbika kweichi chipingamupinyi kwakakosha kudzivirira kupinda kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye pathogenic bacteria inogona kukonzera kuzvimba.Munguruve, mhedzisiro yakaipa pamadziro emukati inofungidzirwa kuve mugumisiro wekusvibiswa kwekudya ne mycotoxins kana imwe yezvakaipa zvinokonzerwa nekupisa.
Kuyera mhedzisiro pane inovharira mhedzisiro, mitsara yesero inowanzoedzwa in vitro nekuyera transepithelial magetsi kuramba (TEER).Kuvandudzwa kweTEER kwakaonekwa mune dzakawanda in vitro kuyedza nekuda kwekushandiswa kwebetaine.TEER inodzikira kana maseru akaiswa kune tembiricha yepamusoro (42°C) (Mufananidzo 2).Kuwedzerwa kwe betaine kune yekukura kwepakati yeaya masero anopisa anopesana nekuderera kweTEER, zvichiratidza kuvandudzwa kwe thermotolerance.Mukuwedzera, mu vivo zvidzidzo munguruve dzakaratidza kuwedzera kwekutaura kwemapuroteni akaoma (occludin, claudin1 uye zonula occlusions-1) mujejunal tissue yemhuka dzinogamuchira betaine pachiyero che 1250 mg / kg kana ichienzaniswa neboka rinodzora.Mukuwedzera, basa re diamine oxidase, chiratidzo chekukuvara kwemukati mucosal, yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya mu plasma yenguruve idzi, zvichiratidza chivharo chakasimba chemukati.Apo betaine yakawedzerwa kune kudya kwekupedza nguruve, kuwedzera kwesimba remukati remukati kwakayerwa pakuurayiwa.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakabatanidza betaine kune antioxidant system uye yakatsanangura kuderedzwa kwemahara radicals, kuderedza malondialdehyde (MDA) mazinga, uye kuwedzera kwe glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) basa.Ongororo ichangoburwa munguruve yakaratidza kuti GSH-Px basa mujejunamu yakawedzera, nepo chikafu betaine chaive chisina mhedzisiro paMDA.
Kwete betaine chete inoita seosmoprotectant mumhuka, asi mabhakitiriya akasiyana anogona kuunganidza betaine kuburikidza ne de novo synthesis kana kutakura kubva kunharaunda.Pane humbowo hwekuti betaine inogona kuva nemhedzisiro yakanaka pamaruva ebhakitiriya emudumbu renguruve dzakarumurwa.Huwandu hwese hwehutachiona hweiyoal hwakawedzera, kunyanya bifidobacteria uye lactobacilli.Mukuwedzera, nhamba dzakaderera dzeEnterobacteriaceae dzakaonekwa muchigaro.
Mhedzisiro yakacherechedzwa yebetaine pahutano hwematumbo munguruve dzakarumurwa kwaive kudzikiswa kwechiitiko chemanyoka.Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichienderana nedoro: kuwedzera kwekudya ne betaine pachiyero che 2500 mg / kg chaive chakanyanya kuderera mukuderedza chiitiko chechirwere kupfuura betaine pachiyero che 1250 mg / kg.Nekudaro, kuita kweweaner piglet kwaive kwakafanana pamatanho ese ekuwedzera.Vamwe vaongorori vakaratidza hushoma hwemanyoka uye kurwara kwenguruve dzakarumurwa kana vawedzerwa ne800 mg/kg betaine.
Sezvineiwo, betaine hydrochloride ine inogona kuita acidifying mhedzisiro sesosi ye betaine.Mumushonga, betaine hydrochloride supplements inowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete nepepsin kubatsira vanhu vane dumbu uye matambudziko ekugaya.Muchiitiko ichi, betaine hydrochloride inoshanda seyakachengeteka sosi yehydrochloric acid.Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo rwuripo maererano nechivakwa ichi kana betaine hydrochloride inosanganisirwa mukudya kwenguruve, zvingave zvakakosha.Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguruve dzakarumurwa PH inogona kunge yakakwira (pH> 4), zvichikanganisa kushandiswa kwepepsin protein-degrading enzyme mu precursor yayo pepsinogen.Optimal protein digestion yakakosha kwete chete kuitira kuti mhuka dzitore mukana wakazara wekudya uku.Pamusoro pezvo, mapuroteni asina kugayiwa zvakanaka anogona kukonzera kuwanda kusingakoshi kwezvirwere zvinongoitika zvobva zvawedzera dambudziko remanyoka mushure mekurumurwa.Betaine ine yakaderera pKa kukosha inosvika 1.8, izvo zvinoita kuti betaine hydrochloride isiyane kana ikamwiwa, zvichiita kuti gastric acidification.Izvi zvechinguvana re-acidification zvakaonekwa mune zvekutanga zvidzidzo zvevanhu uye mune canine zvidzidzo.Imbwa dzaimborapwa nezvinoderedza asidhi dzakaona kudzikira kunoshamisa kwegastric pH kubva kunenge pH 7 kusvika pH 2 mushure medoro rimwe re750 mg kana 1500 mg yebetaine hydrochloride.Nekudaro, mukudzora imbwa dzisina kugamuchira mushonga, gastric pH yakadzikira zvakanyanya.Inenge 2, zvisinei nekutora betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com