Betaine na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na eriri afọ piglets a napụrụ ara, ma a na-echefukarị mgbe ị na-atụle ihe mgbakwunye nwere ike ịkwado ahụike eriri afọ ma ọ bụ belata nsogbu ndị metụtara ịwepụ afọ ọsịsa.Ịtinye betaine dị ka ihe na-arụ ọrụ na-edozi nri nwere ike imetụta anụmanụ n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche.
Nke mbụ, betaine nwere ikike inye onyinye methyl otu dị ike, nke kachasị na imeju anụmanụ.N'ihi mbufe nke otu methyl na-akwụghị ọtọ, njikọ nke ogige dị iche iche dị ka methionine, carnitine na creatine na-abawanye.Ya mere, betain na-emetụta protein, lipid na ume metabolism nke anụmanụ, si otú ahụ bara uru na-agbanwe ihe mejupụtara nke ozu.
Nke abuo, enwere ike itinye betain n'ime nri dika ihe na-echebe organic penetrant.Betaine na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osmoprotectant, na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ niile aka ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi nke mmiri na ọrụ cellular, karịsịa n'oge nrụgide.Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ mmetụta bara uru nke betain na ụmụ anụmanụ na-enwe nrụgide okpomọkụ.
A kọwawo mmetụta dị iche iche bara uru na arụ ọrụ anụmanụ dị ka nsonaazụ betain n'ụdị anhydrous ma ọ bụ hydrochloride.Edemede a ga-elekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ ohere maka iji betaine dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri iji kwado ahụike eriri afọ na piglets agbapụrụ ara.
Ọtụtụ nchọpụta betaine akọwapụtala mmetụta betaine na mgbari nri na-edozi ahụ n'ime ụlọ na eriri ezì.Nleba anya ugboro ugboro banyere ịba ụba fiber digestibility na ileum (fiber crude ma ọ bụ nnọpụiche na fiber detergent acid) na-atụ aro na betain na-akpalite nsị nje na obere eriri afọ n'ihi na enterocytes anaghị emepụta enzymes na-emebi fiber.Akụkụ osisi fibrous nwere nri nwere ike ịwepụta mgbe eriri microbial na-emebi.Ya mere, a hụkwara mmụba na mgbaze nke ihe akọrọ na ntụ ntụ.N'ọkwa nke akụkụ eriri afọ dum, piglets na-eri nri nke 800 mg betaine / kg gosipụtara mma digestibility nke protein crude (+ 6.4%) na ihe akọrọ (+ 4.2%).Na mgbakwunye, nchọpụta ọzọ chọpụtara na agbakwunyere ihe mgbakwunye betaine na 1250 mg/kg ka ọ dị mma na mgbari protein crude (+3.7%) na ether wepụ (+6.7%).
Otu ihe kpatara enwere ike ịhụ mmụba nke nnabata nri bụ mmetụta betain na mmepụta enzyme.Nnyocha e mere na nso nso a na vivo banyere mmetụta nke mgbakwunye betaine na piglets a napụrụ ara na-enyocha ọrụ nke enzymes digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) na digesta (Fig 1).Ọrụ nke enzymes niile mụbara, ewezuga maltase, na mmetụta nke betaine na-apụta karịa na ntinye nke 2500 mg betaine/kg nri karịa na ntinye nke 1250 mg/kg nri.Mmụba ọrụ nwere ike ịpụta n'ihi mmụba nke mmepụta enzyme, mana ọ nwekwara ike pụta site na mmụba catalytic arụmọrụ nke enzymes.Nnwale in vitro egosila na a na-egbochi ọrụ trypsin na amylase site na ịmepụta nrụgide osmotic dị elu site na mgbakwunye nke NaCl.N'ime nnwale a, mgbakwunye nke betaine na mkpokọta dị iche iche weghachiri mmetụta mgbochi nke NaCl yana arụ ọrụ enzyme ka mma.Otú ọ dị, mgbe enweghị sodium chloride agbakwunyere na ngwọta nchekwa, ihe mgbagwoju anya betaine enweghị mmetụta na ọrụ enzyme na ntanye dị ala, ma gosipụtara mmetụta mgbochi na njedebe dị elu.
Ọganihu uto na ọnụego ntughari nri ka akọpụtala na ezi na-eri nri betaine, yana nkwalite mgbaze.Ịtinye betain na nri ezi na-ebelatakwa ume anụ ahụ chọrọ.Echiche maka mmetụta a hụrụ bụ na mgbe betaine dị iji nọgide na-enwe nrụgide osmotic intracellular, mkpa nke nfuli ion (usoro chọrọ ume) na-ebelata.Ya mere, n'ọnọdụ ebe oriri ume dị oke, a na-atụ anya na mmetụta nke mgbakwunye betain ga-abawanye site n'ịba ụba karịa site n'ịnọgide na-achọ ike ume.
Mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke mgbidi eriri afọ ga-anagide ọnọdụ osmotic na-agbanwe nke ukwuu nke ọdịnaya nke lumen intestinal mepụtara n'oge mgbari nri.N'otu oge ahụ, mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial intestinal ndị a dị mkpa maka ịchịkwa mgbanwe mmiri na nri dị iche iche n'etiti lumen intestinal na plasma.Iji chebe mkpụrụ ndụ pụọ na ọnọdụ ọjọọ ndị a, betain bụ ihe dị mkpa na-abanye n'ime ahụ.Ọ bụrụ n’ileba anya n’ọkwa betaine dị n’anụ ahụ dị iche iche, ị ga-ahụ na anụ ahụ eriri afọ nwere oke betain dị elu.Na mgbakwunye, a chọpụtala na ọkwa betain nwere ike imetụta ọkwa ndị a.Mkpụrụ ndụ na-emeziwanye nke ọma ga-enwe ikike ịgbasa nke ọma na nkwụsi ike dị mma.Na nchịkọta, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na ịba ụba betaine na piglets mụbara ịdị elu nke duodenal villi na omimi nke ileal crypts, na villi na-aghọwanye otu.
N'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, mmụba nke ịdị elu dị elu na-enweghị mmetụta na omimi crypt nwere ike ịhụ na duodenum, jejunum, na ileum.Mmetụta nchebe nke betaine na nhazi eriri afọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa karịa na ọrịa ụfọdụ (osmotic), dị ka a hụrụ na ọkụkọ broiler na coccidia.
Ihe mgbochi eriri afọ bụ isi ihe mejupụtara sel epithelial bụ nke ejikọtara na ibe ya site na protein njikọ siri ike.Iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe mgbochi a dị mkpa iji gbochie ntinye nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na nje bacteria ndị nwere ike ịkpata mbufụt.N'ime ezì, mmetụta ọjọọ na mgbochi eriri afọ na-eche na ọ bụ n'ihi mmetọ nri na mycotoxins ma ọ bụ otu n'ime mmetụta ọjọọ nke nrụgide okpomọkụ.
Iji tụọ mmetụta na mmetụta mgbochi ahụ, a na-anwale ahịrị cell na vitro site na ịlele nguzogide eletriki transepithelial (TEER).A hụla ọganihu na TEER n'ọtụtụ nnwale in vitro n'ihi ojiji betain.TEER na-ebelata mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ ekpughere na okpomọkụ dị elu (42°C) (Foto 2).Mgbakwunye betain na usoro uto nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ gbochiri mbelata nke TEER, na-egosi mmụba okpomọkụ.Na mgbakwunye, na vivo ọmụmụ na piglets kpughere mmụba nke protein njikọ siri ike (occludin, claudin1 na zonula occlusions-1) na anụ ahụ jejunal nke anụmanụ na-anata betaine na dose nke 1250 mg / kg ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu njikwa.Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ diamine oxidase, ihe nrịbama nke mmebi mucosal intestinal, belatara nke ukwuu na plasma nke ezi ndị a, na-egosi ihe mgbochi eriri afọ siri ike.Mgbe etinyere betaine na nri nke imecha ezì, a na-atụle mmụba nke ike eriri afọ n'oge igbummadu.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ejikọtala betaine na usoro antioxidant ma kọwaa mbelata nke radicals free, mbelata ọkwa malondialdehyde (MDA), yana mmụba nke ọrụ glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na piglets gosiri na ọrụ GSH-Px na jejunum mụbara, ebe betaine nri enweghị mmetụta na MDA.
Ọ bụghị naanị na betain na-arụ ọrụ dị ka osmoprotectant n'ime anụmanụ, ma nje bacteria dị iche iche nwere ike ịgbakọ betain site na de novo synthesis ma ọ bụ bufee site na gburugburu ebe obibi.Enwere ihe akaebe na betain nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na ahịhịa nje nke eriri afọ nke piglets agbapụrụ ara.Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria ileal mụbara, karịsịa bifidobacteria na lactobacilli.Na mgbakwunye, a hụrụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke Enterobacteriaceae na stool.
Mmetụta ikpeazụ betain nwere na ahụ ike eriri afọ n'ime piglets ewepụrụ ara bụ mbelata na ọnọdụ afọ ọsịsa.Mmetụta a nwere ike ịdabere na dose: mgbakwunye nri na betaine na dose 2500 mg/kg dị irè karị n'ibelata ọrịa afọ ọsịsa karịa betaine na dose 1250 mg / kg.Agbanyeghị, ịrụ ọrụ piglet weaner yiri na ọkwa mgbakwunye abụọ ahụ.Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ egosila ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke afọ ọsịsa na ọrịa na-efe efe na piglets arapụpụrụ ara mgbe agbakwunyere betaine 800 mg / kg.
N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, betaine hydrochloride nwere mmetụta acid na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi betaine.Na ọgwụ, a na-ejikarị ihe mgbakwunye betaine hydrochloride na pepsin na-enyere ndị nwere nsogbu afọ na mgbari nri aka.N'okwu a, betaine hydrochloride na-eje ozi dị ka ebe nchekwa hydrochloric acid.Agbanyeghị na enweghị ozi dị gbasara akụrụngwa a mgbe etinyere betaine hydrochloride na nri piglet, ọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa.A maara na n'ime piglets agbapụrụ ara, pH gastric nwere ike ịdị oke elu (pH> 4), si otú ahụ na-etinye aka na ntinye nke pepsin protein na-emebi emebi na pepsinogen.Mgbari protein kacha mma dị mkpa ọ bụghị naanị ka ụmụ anụmanụ nwee ike nweta uru nke nri a nke ọma.Na mgbakwunye, protein na-agbaze nke ọma nwere ike ibute mmụba na-enweghị isi nke nje na-akpata ohere ma mee ka nsogbu nke afọ ọsịsa na-ahapụ ara ka njọ.Betaine nwere uru pKa dị ala nke ihe dịka 1.8, nke na-eme ka betaine hydrochloride kewapụ mgbe ejiri ya, na-ebute acidification gastric.A hụla mweghachi acid a nwa oge na ọmụmụ mmadụ mbụ na n'ime ọmụmụ canine.Nkịta ndị e jiburu ndị na-ebelata acid emesobu nwere mbelata dị egwu na pH gastric site na ihe dịka pH 7 ruo pH 2 mgbe otu dose nke 750 mg ma ọ bụ 1500 mg nke betaine hydrochloride gasịrị.Otú ọ dị, n'ime nkịta na-achịkwa nke na-enwetaghị ọgwụ ahụ, pH gastric na-ebelata nke ukwuu.Ihe dị ka 2, n'agbanyeghị oriri betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com