Betaine muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub plab ntawm cov piglets weaned, tab sis feem ntau tsis nco qab thaum xav txog cov tshuaj ntxiv los txhawb lub plab noj qab haus huv los yog txo cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev zawv plab.Ntxiv betaine ua cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev pub mis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau tsiaj hauv ntau txoj hauv kev.
Ua ntej, betaine muaj lub zog methyl pab pawg neeg pub muaj peev xwm, feem ntau hauv cov tsiaj siab.Vim yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov pab pawg methyl tsis ruaj khov, cov synthesis ntawm ntau lub tebchaw xws li methionine, carnitine thiab creatine yog txhim kho.Yog li, betaine cuam tshuam rau cov protein, lipid thiab lub zog metabolism ntawm cov tsiaj, yog li tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hloov cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm lub cev.
Thib ob, betaine tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau pub raws li kev tiv thaiv cov organic penetrant.Betaine ua raws li osmoprotectant, pab cov hlwb thoob plaws hauv lub cev tswj cov kua dej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev ntxhov siab.Ib qho piv txwv paub zoo yog cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm betaine rau cov tsiaj uas muaj kev kub ntxhov.
Ntau yam txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov tsiaj ua tau zoo tau piav qhia los ntawm kev ntxiv betaine hauv daim ntawv anhydrous lossis hydrochloride.Kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau ntau qhov ua tau zoo rau kev siv betaine ua cov khoom noj ntxiv los txhawb lub plab noj qab haus huv hauv cov piglets weaned.
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb betaine tau tshaj tawm txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm betaine ntawm kev zom zaub mov hauv ileum thiab txoj hnyuv ntawm npua.Rov ua dua kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov fiber ntau digestibility nyob rau hauv lub ileum (crude fiber los yog nruab nrab thiab acid detergent fiber) qhia tias betaine txhawb cov kab mob fermentation nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv vim enterocytes tsis tsim fiber ntau degrading enzymes.Fibrous cog qhov chaw muaj cov as-ham uas tuaj yeem tso tawm thaum microbial fibers decompose.Yog li, kev txhim kho hauv kev zom zaub mov ntawm cov khoom qhuav thiab cov hmoov tshauv crude kuj tau pom.Nyob rau theem ntawm tag nrho cov plab hnyuv siab raum, piglets tau noj cov zaub mov ntawm 800 mg betaine / kg pom tias muaj kev zom zaub mov zoo ntawm cov protein (+ 6.4%) thiab cov khoom qhuav (+ 4.2%).Tsis tas li ntawd, lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb pom tau tias qhov pom tseeb tag nrho ntawm kev zom cov protein ntau (+3.7%) thiab ether extract (+6.7%) tau txhim kho nrog betaine supplementation ntawm 1250 mg / kg.
Ib qho laj thawj ua tau rau pom qhov nce hauv kev nqus cov khoom noj yog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm betaine ntawm kev tsim cov enzyme.Tsis ntev los no hauv vivo txoj kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm betaine supplementation nyob rau hauv weaned piglets soj ntsuam cov kev ua ntawm digestive enzymes (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin thiab chymotrypsin) nyob rau hauv lub digesta (Fig. 1).Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov enzymes tau nce ntxiv, tshwj tsis yog maltase, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm betaine tau tshaj tawm ntawm koob tshuaj 2500 mg betaine / kg pub tshaj li ntawm 1250 mg / kg pub.Kev ua kom muaj zog tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim cov enzyme ntau ntxiv, tab sis kuj tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev nce catalytic efficiency ntawm cov enzymes.Cov kev sim hauv vitro tau pom tias trypsin thiab amylase kev ua haujlwm yog inhibited los ntawm kev tsim cov osmotic siab los ntawm kev sib ntxiv ntawm NaCl.Hauv qhov kev sim no, ntxiv ntawm betaine ntawm ntau qhov ntau tau rov qab los inhibitory nyhuv ntawm NaCl thiab txhim kho enzyme kev ua haujlwm.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum tsis muaj sodium chloride ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tsis haum, betaine suav nrog complex tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm enzyme ntawm qis concentrations, tab sis nthuav tawm cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm cov concentrations.
Kev txhim kho kev loj hlob thiab kev hloov pauv hloov pauv tau raug tshaj tawm hauv npua pub noj betaine, nrog rau kev txhim kho digestibility.Ntxiv betaine rau npua noj kuj txo tus tsiaj lub zog xav tau.Lub tswv yim rau qhov kev pom zoo no yog tias thaum betaine muaj nyob rau hauv lub cev osmotic siab, qhov xav tau ntawm cov twj tso kua mis ion (tus txheej txheem uas yuav tsum tau muaj zog) txo.Yog li, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej uas kev siv zog tsawg tsawg, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm betaine supplementation yuav tsum muaj ntau dua los ntawm kev loj hlob ntau dua li kev tswj hwm lub zog.
Epithelial hlwb ntawm lub plab hnyuv phab ntsa yuav tsum tiv nrog cov kev hloov pauv ntau osmotic tsim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm txoj hnyuv lumen thaum lub sij hawm zom zaub mov.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kab mob plab hnyuv epithelial no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm kev sib pauv ntawm cov dej thiab ntau yam khoom noj khoom haus ntawm txoj hnyuv lumen thiab plasma.Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm cov mob hnyav, betaine yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic penetrant.Yog tias koj saib ntawm qhov concentration ntawm betaine hauv ntau cov ntaub so ntswg, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov ntaub so ntswg hauv plab muaj betaine siab heev.Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau raug sau tseg tias cov qib no tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm kev noj haus betaine concentrations.Cov hlwb zoo sib npaug yuav muaj peev xwm loj hlob zoo dua thiab ruaj khov zoo.Hauv cov ntsiab lus, cov kws tshawb nrhiav pom tias nce qib betaine hauv piglets nce qhov siab ntawm duodenal villi thiab qhov tob ntawm ileal crypts, thiab villi tau dhau los ua ib qho zoo sib xws.
Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, qhov nce hauv qhov siab villous yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm crypt qhov tob tuaj yeem pom hauv duodenum, jejunum, thiab ileum.Kev tiv thaiv ntawm betaine ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv cov kab mob tshwj xeeb (osmotic), raws li pom nyob rau hauv broiler qaib nrog coccidia.
Cov kab mob hauv plab feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob epithelial uas txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov protein.Kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov thaiv no yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo thiab cov kab mob pathogenic uas tuaj yeem ua rau mob.Hauv npua, cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm lub plab hnyuv tau xav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev noj zaub mov nrog mycotoxins lossis ib qho ntawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm kev kub ntxhov.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam, kab xov tooj ntawm tes feem ntau raug kuaj hauv vitro los ntawm kev ntsuas cov hluav taws xob transepithelial (TEER).Kev txhim kho hauv TEER tau pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev sim hauv vitro vim kev siv betaine.TEER txo qis thaum cov hlwb raug kub siab (42 ° C) (Daim duab 2).Ntxiv ntawm betaine rau qhov loj hlob nruab nrab ntawm cov rhuab cell tiv thaiv qhov txo qis hauv TEER, qhia txog kev txhim kho thermotolerance.Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv vivo cov kev tshawb fawb hauv piglets tau nthuav tawm kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov nqaij sib txuas ceev ceev (occludin, claudin1 thiab zonula occlusions-1) hauv cov ntaub so ntswg jejunal ntawm cov tsiaj uas tau txais betaine ntawm koob tshuaj 1250 mg / kg piv rau pawg tswj hwm.Tsis tas li ntawd, diamine oxidase kev ua haujlwm, ib qho cim ntawm plab hnyuv mucosal puas, tau txo qis hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov npua no, qhia tias muaj zog plab hnyuv.Thaum betaine tau ntxiv rau kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov npua tiav, qhov nce hauv plab hnyuv tensile zog tau ntsuas ntawm kev tua.
Tsis ntev los no, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txuas betaine rau cov kab mob antioxidant thiab piav qhia txog kev txo qis hauv cov dawb radicals, txo qis hauv malondialdehyde (MDA) qib, thiab nce glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) kev ua.Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no hauv piglets tau pom tias GSH-Px kev ua haujlwm hauv jejunum tau nce ntxiv, qhov kev noj haus betaine tsis cuam tshuam rau MDA.
Tsis tsuas yog betaine ua raws li osmoprotectant nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj, tab sis ntau yam kab mob tuaj yeem sau betaine los ntawm de novo synthesis lossis thauj los ntawm ib puag ncig.Muaj pov thawj tias betaine yuav muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob ntawm cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv ntawm cov piglets weaned.Tag nrho cov kab mob ileal tau nce, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog bifidobacteria thiab lactobacilli.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov lej qis ntawm Enterobacteriaceae tau kuaj pom hauv cov quav.
Qhov kawg pom zoo ntawm betaine rau lub plab noj qab haus huv hauv cov piglets weaned yog qhov txo qis hauv qhov tshwm sim ntawm raws plab.Cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem yog nyob ntawm koob tshuaj: kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog betaine ntawm koob tshuaj 2500 mg / kg tau zoo dua los txo qhov mob raws plab dua li betaine ntawm koob tshuaj 1250 mg / kg.Txawm li cas los xij, weaner piglet kev ua tau zoo sib xws ntawm ob qib ntxiv.Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias qis dua ntawm cov kab mob raws plab thiab mob ntshav qab zib hauv cov menyuam npua uas tau noj thaum ntxiv nrog 800 mg / kg betaine.
Interestingly, betaine hydrochloride muaj peev xwm acidifying los ua ib qhov chaw ntawm betaine.Hauv cov tshuaj, cov tshuaj betaine hydrochloride feem ntau siv ua ke nrog pepsin los pab cov neeg mob plab thiab plab zom mov.Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, betaine hydrochloride ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug ruaj ntseg qhov chaw ntawm hydrochloric acid.Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov cuab yeej no thaum betaine hydrochloride suav nrog hauv piglet pub, nws yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb.Nws paub tias nyob rau hauv weaned piglets lub plab pH tuaj yeem siab (pH> 4), yog li cuam tshuam nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm pepsin protein-degrading enzyme hauv nws cov precursor pepsinogen.Kev zom zaub mov zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis yog kom tsiaj tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov khoom noj no.Tsis tas li ntawd, cov protein zom tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau qhov tsis tsim nyog ntawm cov kab mob kis tau zoo thiab ua rau muaj teeb meem mob plab tom qab lub plab.Betaine muaj pKa qis ntawm kwv yees li 1.8, uas ua rau betaine hydrochloride dissociate thaum noj, ua rau gastric acidification.Qhov kev rov ua kua qaub ib ntus no tau pom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tib neeg ua ntej thiab hauv kev tshawb fawb canine.Cov dev yav dhau los kho nrog cov kua qaub txo qis tau pom qhov txo qis hauv plab pH los ntawm kwv yees li pH 7 mus rau pH 2 tom qab ib koob tshuaj ntawm 750 mg lossis 1500 mg ntawm betaine hydrochloride.Txawm li cas los xij, hauv kev tswj cov dev uas tsis tau txais cov tshuaj, lub plab pH poob qis heev.Kwv yees li 2, tsis hais txog kev noj betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com