Betaine igira ingaruka nziza kumara yingurube zonsa, ariko akenshi iribagirana mugihe usuzumye inyongera zishoboka zunganira ubuzima bwinda cyangwa kugabanya ibibazo bijyana no gucutsa impiswi.Ongeraho betaine nkintungamubiri ikora yo kugaburira irashobora kugira ingaruka ku nyamaswa muburyo butandukanye.
Ubwa mbere, betaine ifite imbaraga za methyl itsinda ryabatanga, cyane cyane mwumwijima winyamaswa.Bitewe no guhererekanya amatsinda ya methyl adahungabana, synthesis yibintu bitandukanye nka methionine, karnitine na creine byongerewe imbaraga.Rero, betaine igira ingaruka kuri poroteyine, lipide ningufu za metabolisme yinyamaswa, bityo bigahindura neza imiterere yintumbi.
Icya kabiri, betaine irashobora kongerwamo ibiryo kugirango irinde ibinyabuzima byinjira.Betaine ikora nka osmoprotectant, ifasha selile mumubiri kugumana uburinganire bwamazi nibikorwa bya selile, cyane cyane mugihe cyibibazo.Urugero ruzwi ni ingaruka nziza za betaine ku nyamaswa zirwaye ubushyuhe.
Ingaruka zitandukanye zingirakamaro kumikorere yinyamaswa zasobanuwe nkibisubizo byinyongera ya betaine muburyo bwa anhydrous cyangwa hydrochloride.Iyi ngingo izibanda ku buryo bwinshi bushoboka bwo gukoresha betaine nk'inyongeramusaruro yo gushyigikira ubuzima bw'inda mu ngurube zonsa.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa betaine bwerekanye ingaruka za betaine kumyunyungugu yintungamubiri muri ileum na colon yingurube.Kwisubiramo inshuro nyinshi byongera igogorwa rya fibre muri ileum (fibre fibre cyangwa neutre na aside detergent fibre) byerekana ko betaine itera fermentation ya bagiteri mu mara mato kuko enterocytes idatanga imisemburo yangiza fibre.Ibice byibimera birimo intungamubiri zishobora kurekurwa mugihe fibre ya mikorobe ibora.Niyo mpamvu, hagaragaye iterambere mu igogorwa ryibintu byumye n ivu rito.Ku rwego rw'inzira zose zo mu gifu, ingurube zagaburiye indyo ya 800 mg betaine / kg yerekanaga ko igogorwa rya poroteyine nto (+ 6.4%) n'ibintu byumye (+ 4.2%).Byongeye kandi, ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekanye ko muri rusange igogorwa rya poroteyine nto (+ 3,7%) hamwe na ether (+ 6.7%) byatejwe imbere hiyongeraho betaine kuri mg / kg 1250.
Impamvu imwe ishoboka yo kwiyongera kugaragara kwintungamubiri ni ingaruka za betaine kumusaruro wa enzyme.Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa na vivo ku ngaruka ziterwa no kongera betaine mu ngurube zonsa zasuzumye ibikorwa bya enzymes zifungura (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) muri digesta (Ishusho 1).Ibikorwa bya enzymes zose byariyongereye, usibye maltase, kandi ingaruka za betaine zagaragaye cyane ku kigero cya mg 2500 mg betaine / kg kuruta ku kigero cya 1250 mg / kg.Ibikorwa byiyongereye bishobora guturuka kumusemburo wa enzyme wiyongereye, ariko birashobora no guturuka kubikorwa byiyongera bya catalitiki yimisemburo.Ubushakashatsi bwa vitro bwerekanye ko ibikorwa bya trypsin na amylase bihagarikwa no gukora umuvuduko mwinshi wa osmotic binyuze mu kongeramo NaCl.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, kongeramo betaine mubitekerezo bitandukanye byagaruye ingaruka zo guhagarika NaCl no kunoza imikorere ya enzyme.Ariko, mugihe nta sodium ya chloride yongewe kumuti wa buffer, urwego rwa betaine rwinjizamo nta ngaruka rwagize mubikorwa bya enzyme kumurengera muke, ariko byagaragaje ingaruka zo kubuza kwibanda cyane.
Kunoza imikorere yo gukura no kugaburira ibiryo byagaragaye mu ngurube zagaburiwe ibiryo bya betaine, ndetse no kunoza igogorwa.Kongera betaine mubiryo byingurube nabyo bigabanya ingufu zinyamaswa.Igitekerezo kuri izi ngaruka zagaragaye ni uko iyo betaine iboneka kugirango igumane umuvuduko wa osmotic internacellular selile, gukenera pompe ion (inzira isaba ingufu) iragabanuka.Rero, mubihe aho gufata ingufu bigarukira, ingaruka zo kuzuza betaine ziteganijwe kuba nyinshi mukongera iterambere aho gukomeza ingufu zisabwa.
Epithelia selile yurukuta rwamara igomba guhangana nuburyo butandukanye bwa osmotic imiterere ikorwa nibiri mumyanya yo mara mugihe cyo gusya intungamubiri.Muri icyo gihe, utugingo ngengabuzima two mu nda ni ngombwa mu kugenzura ihanahana ry'amazi n'intungamubiri zitandukanye hagati y'amara na plasma.Kurinda selile zibi bihe bibi, betaine ningirakamaro yingirakamaro.Iyo urebye ubunini bwa betaine mubice bitandukanye, urashobora kubona ko inyama zo munda zifite urugero rwinshi rwa betaine.Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye ko izo nzego zishobora guterwa nimirire ya betaine.Ingirabuzimafatizo zuzuye zizagira ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza no guhagarara neza.Muri make, abashakashatsi basanze kongera urugero rwa betaine mu ngurube byongereye uburebure bwa vili duodenal hamwe nubujyakuzimu bwa ileal, kandi villi yabaye imwe.
Mu bundi bushakashatsi, kwiyongera k'uburebure bubi nta ngaruka ku bujyakuzimu bishobora kugaragara muri duodenum, jejunum, na ileum.Ingaruka zo gukingira betaine kumiterere y amara zirashobora kuba ingenzi muburwayi bwihariye (osmotic), nkuko bigaragara mu nkoko za broiler hamwe na coccidia.
Inzitizi yo munda igizwe ahanini na selile epithelial selile zifatanije hamwe binyuze muri poroteyine zifatanye.Ubusugire bwiyi bariyeri ni ngombwa kugirango hirindwe kwinjiza ibintu byangiza na bagiteri zitera indwara zishobora gutera uburibwe.Mu ngurube, ingaruka mbi kuri bariyeri yo munda zitekereza ko ziterwa no kwanduza ibiryo hamwe na mycotoxine cyangwa imwe mu ngaruka mbi ziterwa nubushyuhe.
Kugirango upime ingaruka kuri bariyeri, imirongo ya selile ikunze kugeragezwa muri vitro mugupima amashanyarazi ya transepithelia (TEER).Iterambere muri TEER ryagaragaye mubenshi mubushakashatsi bwa vitro kubera gukoresha betaine.URUBYIRUKO rugabanuka iyo selile zihuye nubushyuhe bwinshi (42 ° C) (Ishusho 2).Kwiyongera kwa betaine muburyo bwo gukura kwingirabuzimafatizo zishyushye byarwanyije igabanuka rya TEER, byerekana ubushyuhe bwa termotolerance.Byongeye kandi, mu bushakashatsi bwa vivo mu ngurube bwerekanye ko kwiyongera kwa poroteyine zifatika (occludin, claudin1 na zonula occlusion-1) mu ngingo ya jjunal yinyamaswa zakira betaine ku kigero cya 1250 mg / kg ugereranije nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura.Byongeye kandi, ibikorwa bya diamine oxydease, ikimenyetso cyangirika mu mara, byagabanutse cyane muri plasma yizo ngurube, byerekana inzitizi ikomeye yo munda.Iyo betaine yongewe kumirire yo kurangiza ingurube, kwiyongera kwingufu zo munda zapimwe mugihe cyo kubaga.
Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwahujije betaine na sisitemu ya antioxydeant kandi isobanura kugabanuka kwa radicals yubuntu, kugabanuka kwa malondialdehyde (MDA), no kwiyongera kwa glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu ngurube bwerekanye ko ibikorwa bya GSH-Px muri jejunum byariyongereye, mu gihe betaine yimirire ntacyo byagize kuri MDA.
Ntabwo betaine ikora nka osmoprotectant gusa mu nyamaswa, ahubwo na bagiteri zitandukanye zirashobora kwegeranya betaine binyuze muri synthesis de novo cyangwa gutwara ibidukikije.Hariho ibimenyetso byerekana ko betaine ishobora kugira ingaruka nziza kuri flora ya bagiteri yo mu nda ya gastrointestinal yingurube zonsa.Umubare rusange wa bagiteri ya ileal wariyongereye, cyane cyane bifidobacteria na lactobacilli.Byongeye kandi, umubare muto wa Enterobacteriaceae wagaragaye mu ntebe.
Ingaruka za nyuma za betaine ku buzima bwo mu nda mu ngurube zonsa ni ukugabanuka kw'impiswi.Izi ngaruka zishobora guterwa cyane: kuzuza ibiryo hamwe na betaine ku gipimo cya 2500 mg / kg byagize akamaro kanini mu kugabanya indwara zimpiswi kuruta betaine ku gipimo cya 1250 mg / kg.Nyamara, weaner ingurube imikorere yarasa murwego rwinyongera.Abandi bashakashatsi berekanye igipimo cyo hasi cy'impiswi n'uburwayi mu ngurube zonsa iyo zongerewe 800 mg / kg betaine.
Igishimishije, betaine hydrochloride ifite ingaruka za acide nkisoko ya betaine.Mu buvuzi, inyongera ya betaine hydrochloride ikoreshwa kenshi ifatanije na pepsin kugirango ifashe abantu bafite ibibazo byigifu nigifu.Muri iki gihe, betaine hydrochloride ikora nkisoko yizewe ya aside hydrochloric.Nubwo nta makuru ahari yerekeye uyu mutungo mugihe betaine hydrochloride ishyizwe mubiryo byingurube, birashobora kuba ngombwa.Birazwi ko mu ngurube zonsa gastrica pH irashobora kuba hejuru (pH> 4), bityo bikabangamira imikorere ya pepsin protein-yangiza imisemburo ya pepsinogen ibanziriza.Gusya kwa poroteyine nziza ntabwo ari ngombwa gusa kugirango inyamaswa zishobore gukoresha neza intungamubiri.Byongeye kandi, poroteyine idasembuye neza irashobora gutuma ikwirakwizwa ridakenewe rya virusi itera amahirwe kandi bikarushaho gukomera ikibazo cyo gucibwamo nyuma yo konka.Betaine ifite agaciro ka pKa gafite hafi ya 1.8, itera hydrochloride ya betaine gutandukana iyo yinjiye, bikaviramo aside gastric.Iyi re-acide yigihe gito yagaragaye mubushakashatsi bwambere bwabantu no mubushakashatsi bwa kine.Imbwa zabanje kuvurwa na kugabanya aside zagabanutse cyane pH gastrica kuva kuri pH 7 kugeza kuri pH 2 nyuma yikinini kimwe cya 750 mg cyangwa 1500 mg ya hydrochloride ya betaine.Nyamara, mu kugenzura imbwa zitabonye imiti, pH gastricike yagabanutse cyane.Hafi ya 2, utitaye kuri betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com