I-Betaine inomphumela omuhle emathunjini ezingulube ezilunyuliwe, kodwa ivame ukukhohlwa uma kucatshangelwa izithasiselo ezingase zisekele impilo yamathumbu noma ukunciphisa izinkinga ezihambisana nesifo sohudo sokulunyulwa.Ukwengeza i-betaine njengesakhi esisebenzayo ekudleni kungathinta izilwane ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Okokuqala, i-betaine inekhono elinamandla lokunikela ngeqembu le-methyl, ikakhulukazi esibindini sesilwane.Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqembu e-methyl angazinzile, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine ne-creatine kuyathuthukiswa.Ngakho-ke, i-betaine ithinta amaprotheni, i-lipid namandla e-metabolism yezilwane, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule ngokunenzuzo ukwakheka kwesidumbu.
Okwesibili, i-betaine ingengezwa ekuphakeleni njengesivikelo se-organic penetrant.I-Betaine isebenza njenge-osmoprotectant, isiza amangqamuzana kuwo wonke umzimba ukugcina ibhalansi yoketshezi kanye nokusebenza kwamaselula, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka.Isibonelo esaziwa kakhulu umphumela onenzuzo we-betaine ezilwaneni ezihlushwa ukucindezeleka kokushisa.
Imiphumela ehlukahlukene enenzuzo ekusebenzeni kwezilwane iye yachazwa njengomphumela we-betaine supplementation efomini le-anhydrous noma le-hydrochloride.Lesi sihloko sizogxila emandleni amaningi okusebenzisa i-betaine njengesengezo sokuphakelayo ukuze kusekelwe impilo yamathumbu kumaphuphu alunyuliwe.
Ucwaningo oluningana lwe-betaine lubike imiphumela ye-betaine ekugayweni kwezakhi ku-ileum kanye nekholoni lezingulube.Ukubonwa okuphindaphindiwe kokukhuphuka kwe-fiber digestibility ku-ileum (i-fiber engahluziwe noma i-neutral ne-acid detergent fiber) iphakamisa ukuthi i-betaine ivuselela ukuvutshelwa kwamagciwane emathunjini amancane ngoba ama-enterocyte awakhiqizi ama-enzyme e-fiber-degrading.Izingxenye zezitshalo ezine-fibrous ziqukethe imisoco engakhishwa lapho i-microbial fibers ibola.Ngakho, ukuthuthukiswa kokugayeka kokudla okomile kanye nomlotha ongahluziwe nakho kwabonwa.Ezingeni lawo wonke amapheshana emathunjini, ama-piglets adla ukudla okungama-800 mg betaine/kg abonise ukugaya okuthuthukisiwe kwamaprotheni angcolile (+6.4%) kanye nendaba eyomile (+4.2%).Ukwengeza, olunye ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi ukugayeka kokudla okusobala okuphelele kweprotheyini engahluziwe (+3.7%) kanye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) kwathuthukiswa ngokufakwa kwe-betaine ku-1250 mg/kg.
Esinye isizathu esingaba khona sokwanda okuphawuliwe kokumuncwa kwezakhi umphumela we-betaine ekukhiqizeni ama-enzyme.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-vivo ngemiphumela yokwengezwa kwe-betaine ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe zihlole umsebenzi wama-enzyme wokugaya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin ne-chymotrypsin) ku-digesta (Fig. 1).Umsebenzi wawo wonke ama-enzyme wanda, ngaphandle kwe-maltase, futhi umphumela we-betaine wabonakala kakhulu ngethamo lika-2500 mg betaine/kg feed kunomthamo we-1250 mg/kg feed.Ukwanda komsebenzi kungase kubangele ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwama-enzyme, kodwa kungase futhi kubangele ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kwama-enzyme.Ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro kubonise ukuthi imisebenzi ye-trypsin ne-amylase ivinjelwa ngokudala ingcindezi ephezulu ye-osmotic ngokufaka i-NaCl.Kulesi sivivinyo, ukungezwa kwe-betaine ekugxilweni okuhlukahlukene kubuyisele umphumela ovimbelayo we-NaCl kanye nomsebenzi we-enzyme othuthukisiwe.Kodwa-ke, lapho ingekho i-sodium chloride engeziwe esixazululweni se-buffer, inkimbinkimbi yokufakwa kwe-betaine ayizange ibe nomthelela emsebenzini we-enzyme ekugxilweni okuphansi, kodwa yabonisa umphumela wokuvinjelwa ekugxilweni okuphakeme kakhulu.
Ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kokukhula kanye namazinga okuguqulwa kokudla kuye kwabikwa ezingulubeni eziphakelwa i-betaine yokudla, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokugaya ukudla.Ukwengeza i-betaine ekudleni kwezingulube nakho kunciphisa izidingo zamandla esilwane.I-hypothesis yalo mphumela obonwayo ukuthi lapho i-betaine itholakala ukuze kugcinwe ukucindezela kwe-intracellular osmotic, isidingo samaphampu e-ion (inqubo edinga amandla) siyancishiswa.Ngakho-ke, ezimweni lapho ukuthathwa kwamandla kunqunyelwe, umphumela wokwengezwa kwe-betaine kulindeleke ukuthi ube mkhulu ngokukhulisa ukukhula kunokugcina izidingo zamandla.
Amaseli e-Epithelial odongeni lwamathumbu kufanele abhekane nezimo ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezidalwe okuqukethwe kwe-lumen yamathumbu ngesikhathi sokugaya izakhi.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lawa mangqamuzana e-epithelial emathunjini abalulekile ekulawuleni ukushintshaniswa kwamanzi nezakhi ezihlukahlukene phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kanye ne-plasma.Ukuvikela amaseli kulezi zimo ezinzima, i-betaine iwumthombo obalulekile wezinto eziphilayo.Uma ubheka ukugcwala kwe-betaine ezicutshini ezihlukahlukene, ungabona ukuthi izicubu zamathumbu zinamazinga aphezulu e-betaine.Ukwengeza, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi la mazinga angase athonywe ukugxila kwe-betaine yokudla.Amaseli alinganisela kahle azoba namandla angcono okukhula kanye nokuzinza okuhle.Kafushane, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukwanda kwamazinga e-betaine ezingulubeni kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kanye nokujula kwe-ileal crypts, futhi i-villi yaba iyunifomu eyengeziwe.
Kwesinye isifundo, ukwanda kobude obubi ngaphandle komphumela ekujuleni kwe-crypt kungabonwa ku-duodenum, jejunum, ne-ileum.Umthelela wokuvikela we-betaine ekwakhiweni kwamathumbu ungase ubaluleke kakhulu ezifweni ezithile (osmotic), njengoba kubonwa ezinkukhuni ze-broiler ezine-coccidia.
Isivimbeli samathumbu ngokuyinhloko sakhiwe amangqamuzana e-epithelial ahlanganiswe namanye ngokusebenzisa amaprotheni ahlangene aqinile.Ubuqotho balo mgoqo kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi kanye namabhaktheriya e-pathogenic angabangela ukuvuvukala.Ezingulubeni, imiphumela emibi kusithiyo samathumbu kucatshangwa ukuthi iwumphumela wokungcoliswa kokuphakelwa ngama-mycotoxins noma omunye wemiphumela emibi yokucindezeleka kokushisa.
Ukuze ulinganise umthelela kumphumela ovimbelayo, imigqa yamaseli ivame ukuhlolwa ku-vitro ngokulinganisa ukumelana nogesi we-transepithelial (TEER).Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-TEER kubonwe ekuhlolweni okuningi kwe-in vitro ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-betaine.I-TEER iyancipha lapho amaseli echayeke emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (42°C) (Umfanekiso 2).Ukwengezwa kwe-betaine endaweni yokukhula kwalawa maseli ashisayo kuphikisane nokwehla kwe-TEER, okubonisa ukubekezelela ukushisa okuthuthukisiwe.Ukwengeza, izifundo ze-vivo kuma-piglets zembula ukubonakaliswa okwandisiwe kwamaprotheni e-tight junction (occludin, claudin1 kanye ne-zonula occlusions-1) kuzicubu ze-jejunal zezilwane ezithola i-betaine ngesilinganiso se-1250 mg / kg uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula.Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase, umaka wokulimala kwe-mucosal emathunjini, wancishiswa kakhulu ku-plasma yalezi zingulube, okubonisa umgoqo oqinile wamathumbu.Lapho i-betaine yengezwa ekudleni kwezingulube zokuqeda, ukwanda kwamandla okuqina kwamathumbu kwalinganiswa ekuhlatshweni.
Muva nje, izifundo eziningana ziye zaxhumanisa i-betaine ohlelweni lwe-antioxidant futhi lwachaza ukunciphisa ama-radicals mahhala, ukunciphisa amazinga e-malondialdehyde (MDA), nokwanda komsebenzi we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).Ucwaningo lwakamuva kuma-piglets lubonise ukuthi umsebenzi we-GSH-Px ku-jejunum wanda, kanti i-betaine yokudla ayizange ibe nomthelela ku-MDA.
I-betaine ayigcini nje ngokusebenza njenge-osmoprotectant ezilwaneni, kodwa amabhaktheriya ahlukahlukene angaqongelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis noma ukuthutha kusuka emvelweni.Kunobufakazi bokuthi i-betaine ingase ibe nomthelela omuhle esitshalweni sebhaktheriya se-gastrointestinal piglets elunyuliwe.Inani eliphelele lama-bacterium ileal anda, ikakhulukazi i-bifidobacteria ne-lactobacilli.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinombolo eziphansi ze-Enterobacteriaceae zatholwa esitokisini.
Umphumela wokugcina obonwayo we-betaine empilweni yamathumbu ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe kwaba ukuncipha kwesigameko sohudo.Lo mphumela ungase uncike kumthamo: ukwesekwa kokudla nge-betaine kumthamo we-2500 mg/kg kwaphumelela kakhulu ekwehliseni isifo sohudo kune-betaine kumthamo we-1250 mg/kg.Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwe-weaner piglet kwakufana kuwo womabili amazinga engeziwe.Abanye abacwaningi babonise amazinga aphansi ohudo kanye nokugula ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe lapho zengezwe nge-betaine engu-800 mg/kg.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-betaine hydrochloride inemiphumela engaba khona yokwenza i-asidi njengomthombo we-betaine.Kwezokwelapha, izithasiselo ze-betaine hydrochloride zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlanganiswa ne-pepsin ukusiza abantu abanezinkinga zesisu kanye nokugaya ukudla.Kulokhu, i-betaine hydrochloride isebenza njengomthombo ophephile we-hydrochloric acid.Nakuba lungekho ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nalesi sakhiwo uma i-betaine hydrochloride ifakiwe kokuphakelayo kwezingulube, kungase kubaluleke.Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe i-pH yesisu ingaba phezulu kakhulu (pH> 4), ngaleyo ndlela iphazamise ukusebenza kwe-enzyme ye-pepsin eyonakalisa amaprotheni ku-pepsinogen eyandulelayo.Ukugaya kahle amaprotheni kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuze izilwane zikwazi ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele lesi sakhi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni angagayeki kahle angaholela ekwandeni okungadingekile kwamagciwane angosomathuba futhi kubhebhethekise inkinga yohudo lwangemva kokulunyulwa.I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elicishe libe ngu-1.8, elibangela ukuthi i-betaine hydrochloride ihlukane lapho idliwa, okuholela ekugayweni kwe-asidi esiswini.Lokhu kufakwa kabusha kwe-asidi yesikhashana kuye kwabonwa ezifundweni zokuqala zabantu kanye nasezifundweni ze-canine.Izinja ezalashwa ngaphambilini ngezinciphisi ze-asidi zibe nokwehla okumangalisayo kwe-pH yesisu ukusuka cishe ku-pH 7 kuya ku-pH 2 ngemva komthamo owodwa wama-750 mg noma u-1500 mg we-betaine hydrochloride.Nokho, ezinjeni ezilawulayo ezingawutholanga umuthi, i-pH yesisu yehle kakhulu.Cishe u-2, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingakanani i-betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com