Abtract

Babban ci gaba na binciken carbohydrate a cikin abinci mai gina jiki da lafiyar alade shine mafi bayyananniyar rarrabuwa na carbohydrate, wanda ba wai kawai ya dogara da tsarin sinadarai ba, har ma da halayen halayensa.Bugu da ƙari, kasancewa babban tushen makamashi, nau'o'in daban-daban da tsarin carbohydrates suna da amfani ga abinci mai gina jiki da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na aladu.Suna da hannu wajen haɓaka aikin haɓakawa da aikin hanji na aladu, daidaita al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji, da daidaita tsarin metabolism na lipids da glucose.Asalin tsarin carbohydrate shine ta hanyar metabolites (gajeren sarkar fatty acid [SCFAs]) kuma galibi ta hanyar scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk da scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK hanyoyin don daidaita mai glucose metabolism.New studies have evaluated the optimal combination of different types and structures of carbohydrates, which can improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, promote intestinal function, and increase the abundance of butyrate producing bacteria in pigs.Gabaɗaya, shaidu masu ƙarfi suna tallafawa ra'ayin cewa carbohydrates suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki da kiwon lafiya na aladu.Bugu da ƙari, ƙaddamar da ƙwayar carbohydrate zai sami ƙima da ƙima don haɓaka fasahar ma'auni na carbohydrate a cikin aladu.

1. Gabatarwa

Polymeric carbohydrates, sitaci da non sitaci polysaccharides (NSP) su ne manyan sassa na abinci da kuma babban makamashi tushen aladu, lissafin kudi 60% - 70% na jimlar makamashi ci (Bach Knudsen).Ya kamata a lura cewa iri-iri da tsarin carbohydrates suna da rikitarwa sosai, waɗanda ke da tasiri daban-daban akan aladu.Nazarin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa ciyarwa tare da sitaci tare da amylose daban-daban zuwa amylose (AM / AP) rabo yana da tabbataccen amsawar ilimin lissafi ga ci gaban aladu (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Fiber na abinci, wanda ya ƙunshi NSP, an yi imanin yana rage yawan amfani da abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar kuzarin dabbobin monogastric (NOBLET da le, 2001).Koyaya, cin fiber na abinci bai shafi ci gaban aikin alade ba (Han & Lee, 2005).Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa fiber na abinci yana inganta ilimin halittar hanji da aikin shinge na piglets, kuma yana rage yawan cututtukan gudawa (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Saboda haka, yana da gaggawa don nazarin yadda ake amfani da hadaddun carbohydrates a cikin abinci yadda ya kamata, musamman abincin da ke da fiber.Halayen tsarin tsarin da taxonomic na carbohydrates da ayyukan su na gina jiki da kiwon lafiya na aladu dole ne a bayyana su kuma a yi la'akari da su a cikin tsarin abinci.NSP da sitaci mai juriya (RS) sune manyan carbohydrates marasa narkewa (wey et al., 2011), yayin da microbiota na hanji yana haifar da carbohydrates marasa narkewa cikin gajeriyar sarkar mai (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Bugu da ƙari, wasu oligosaccharides da polysaccharides ana la'akari da su azaman probiotics na dabbobi, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don tayar da rabon Lactobacillus da Bifidobacterium a cikin hanji (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; M ø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).An ba da rahoton ƙarar Oligosaccharides don inganta haɓakar ƙwayoyin microbiota na hanji (de Lange et al., 2010).Don rage yawan amfani da masu haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samar da alade, yana da mahimmanci a sami wasu hanyoyin da za a cimma lafiyar dabba mai kyau.Akwai damar da za a ƙara ƙarin nau'ikan carbohydrates zuwa abincin alade.Shaidu da yawa sun nuna cewa mafi kyawun haɗakar sitaci, NSP da MOS na iya haɓaka aikin haɓakawa da narkewar abinci mai gina jiki, ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin butyrate da ke samar da ƙwayoyin cuta, da haɓaka haɓakar lipid metabolism na aladu da aka yaye zuwa wani ɗan lokaci (Zhou, Chen, et al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, da al., 2020).Sabili da haka, makasudin wannan takarda shine don sake nazarin binciken da ake yi na yanzu game da muhimmiyar rawa na carbohydrate don inganta aikin ci gaba da aikin hanji, daidaita al'ummar microbial na hanji da lafiyar lafiyar jiki, da kuma gano abubuwan da ke tattare da carbohydrate na aladu.

2. Rarraba carbohydrates

Ana iya rarraba carbohydrates masu cin abinci bisa ga girman kwayoyin su, digiri na polymerization (DP), nau'in haɗin (a ko b) da abun da ke ciki na monomers (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Ya kamata a lura da cewa babban rarrabuwa na carbohydrates dogara ne a kan su DP, kamar monosaccharides ko disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) da kuma polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), wanda aka hada da. sitaci, NSP da glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et al., 2007; Table 1).Binciken sunadarai ya zama dole don fahimtar ilimin ilimin lissafi da lafiyar lafiyar carbohydrates.Tare da ƙarin cikakkun bayanan sinadarai na carbohydrates, yana yiwuwa a haɗa su gwargwadon lafiyarsu da tasirin ilimin halittar jiki kuma a haɗa su cikin tsarin rarrabuwa gabaɗaya (Ingila et al., 2007).Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, da mafi yawan sitaci) waɗanda za a iya narkar da su ta hanyar enzymes mai watsa shiri kuma suna shiga cikin ƙananan hanji a matsayin mai narkewa ko samuwa carbohydrates (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Carbohydrates da ke da juriya ga narkewar hanji, ko rashin shayarwa da narkewa, amma ana iya lalata su ta hanyar fermentation na ƙwayoyin cuta ana ɗaukar carbohydrates masu jurewa, kamar yawancin NSP, oligosaccharides mara narkewa da RS.Mahimmanci, ana ayyana carbohydrates masu juriya a matsayin mara narkewa ko maras amfani, amma suna ba da ingantaccen kwatancen rabe-raben carbohydrates (Ingila et al., 2007).

3.1 haɓaka aiki

Sitaci ya ƙunshi nau'ikan polysaccharides guda biyu.Amylose (AM) wani nau'i ne na sitaci na layi α (1-4) dextran da aka haɗa, amylopectin (AP) shine α (1-4) dextran mai haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan 5% dextran α (1-6) don samar da kwayoyin da aka reshe. (gwaji et al., 2004).Saboda daban-daban jeri da tsarin kwayoyin, AP arziki starches suna da sauƙin narkewa, yayin da ni mai arziki sitaci ba su da sauƙin narkewa (Singh et al., 2010).Nazarin da suka gabata sun nuna cewa ciyar da sitaci tare da ma'auni daban-daban na AM / AP yana da mahimman martani na ilimin lissafin jiki game da haɓakar aladu (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Ciyarwar ciyarwa da ingantaccen ciyarwar aladun da aka yaye sun ragu tare da haɓaka AM (regmi et al., 2011).Koyaya, shaidun da ke fitowa sun ba da rahoton cewa abinci tare da mafi girma am yana haɓaka matsakaiciyar riba ta yau da kullun da ingantaccen ciyar da aladu masu girma (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Bugu da ƙari, wasu masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa ciyar da nau'o'in sitaci daban-daban na AM / AP bai shafi ci gaban ci gaban alade da aka yaye ba (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), yayin da babban abincin AP ya karu da narkar da abinci mai gina jiki na yaye. aladu (Gao et al., 2020A).Fiber na abinci ɗan ƙaramin sashi ne na abinci wanda ke fitowa daga tsirrai.Babbar matsala ita ce mafi girman fiber na abinci yana da alaƙa da ƙananan amfani da abinci mai gina jiki da ƙananan ƙimar makamashi (mai daraja & Le, 2001).Akasin haka, matsakaicin cin fiber bai shafi ci gaban ci gaban aladu da aka yaye ba (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Tasirin fiber na abinci akan amfani da abinci mai gina jiki da ƙimar kuzarin net ɗin yana shafar halayen fiber, kuma tushen fiber daban-daban na iya bambanta sosai (lndber, 2014).A cikin aladu da aka yaye, haɓakawa tare da fiber fis yana da ƙimar canjin abinci mafi girma fiye da ciyar da fiber masara, fiber waken soya da fiber bran alkama (Chen et al., 2014).Hakazalika, alade da aka yaye da aka yi da bran masara da ƙwayar alkama sun nuna ingantaccen abinci da riba mai nauyi fiye da waɗanda aka yi da ƙoshin waken soya (Zhao et al., 2018).Abin sha'awa, babu wani bambanci a cikin aikin haɓaka tsakanin ƙungiyar fiber bran alkama da rukunin inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da piglets a cikin ƙungiyar cellulose da ƙungiyar xylan, ƙarin ya fi tasiri β-Glucan yana lalata ci gaban aikin alade (Wu et al., 2018).Oligosaccharides sune ƙananan ƙwayoyin carbohydrates masu nauyi, matsakaici tsakanin sukari da polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Suna da mahimman kaddarorin ilimin lissafi da physicochemical, ciki har da ƙarancin calorific da haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani, don haka ana iya amfani da su azaman probiotics na abinci (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto da mancilha, 2007).Ƙaddamar da chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) na iya inganta narkewar abinci mai gina jiki, rage yawan zawo da kuma inganta yanayin ƙwayar hanji, don haka inganta ci gaban aladu da aka yaye (Zhou et al., 2012).Bugu da ƙari, abincin da aka ƙara tare da cos na iya inganta aikin haifuwa na shuka (yawan adadin alade mai rai) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) da haɓaka aikin aladu masu girma (wontae et al., 2008) .Bugu da ƙari na MOS da fructooligosaccharides na iya inganta ci gaban aladu (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Wadannan rahotanni sun nuna cewa carbohydrates daban-daban suna da tasiri daban-daban akan ci gaban aladu (tebur 2a).

3.2 aikin hanji

Babban sitaci na am/ap na iya inganta lafiyar hanji (tribyrinza a iya kare shi don alade) ta hanyar inganta ilimin halittar hanji da kuma daidaita aikin hanji da ke da alaka da maganganun kwayoyin halitta a cikin yaye aladu (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Matsakaicin tsayin villi zuwa tsayin villi da zurfin hutu na ileum da jejunum ya kasance mafi girma yayin ciyar da abinci mai girma na safiya, kuma jimlar apoptosis na ƙananan hanji ya ragu.A lokaci guda, ya kuma ƙara bayyanar da toshe kwayoyin halitta a cikin duodenum da jejunum, yayin da a cikin babban rukunin AP, ayyukan sucrose da maltase a cikin jejunum na aladu da aka yaye sun karu (Gao et al., 2020b).Hakazalika, aikin da ya gabata ya gano cewa abinci mai wadataccen abinci ya rage pH da abinci mai wadataccen abinci na AP ya karu adadin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin caecum na aladu da aka yaye (Gao et al., 2020A).Fiber na abinci shine babban abin da ke shafar ci gaban hanji da aikin aladu.Shaidar da aka tara ta nuna cewa fiber na abinci yana inganta yanayin ƙwayar hanji da aikin shinge na aladu da aka yaye, kuma yana rage yawan cutar gudawa (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Rashin ƙarancin fiber na abinci yana ƙara haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta kuma yana lalata aikin shinge na mucosa na hanji (Desai et al., 2016), yayin ciyar da abinci tare da fiber mai ƙarancin narkewa zai iya hana ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar ƙara tsawon villi a cikin aladu (hedemann et al., 2006). ).Daban-daban na fibers suna da tasiri daban-daban akan aikin hanji da shingen gida.Bran alkama da fis ɗin fis suna haɓaka aikin shinge na gut ta hanyar daidaita maganganun TLR2 da haɓaka al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji idan aka kwatanta da masara da filayen waken soya (Chen et al., 2015).Yin amfani da fiber na fis na dogon lokaci zai iya daidaita kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa ko furotin, don haka inganta shingen hanji da aikin rigakafi (Che et al., 2014).Inulin a cikin abinci na iya guje wa damuwa na hanji a cikin yaye alade ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar hanji (Awad et al., 2013).Yana da kyau a lura cewa haɗuwa da mai narkewa (inulin) da fiber maras narkewa (cellulose) ya fi tasiri fiye da shi kaɗai, wanda zai iya inganta haɓakar abinci mai gina jiki da aikin shinge na hanji a cikin aladu da aka yaye (Chen et al., 2019).Tasirin fiber na abin da ake ci akan mucosa na hanji ya dogara da abubuwan da aka gyara su.Wani binciken da aka yi a baya ya gano cewa xylan yana haɓaka aikin shinge na hanji, da kuma canje-canje a cikin bakan ƙwayoyin cuta da metabolites, da glucan yana haɓaka aikin shinge na hanji da lafiyar mucosal, amma ƙari na cellulose bai nuna irin wannan tasirin ba a cikin yaye aladu (Wu et al. , 2018).Ana iya amfani da Oligosaccharides azaman tushen carbon don ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin babban hanji maimakon a narkar da su da amfani.Fructose supplementation zai iya ƙara kauri na hanji mucosa, butyric acid samar, da adadin recessive Kwayoyin da kuma yaduwa na hanji epithelial Kwayoyin a cikin yaye aladu (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharides na iya inganta aikin shinge na hanji da kuma rage lalacewar hanji ta hanyar rotavirus a cikin piglets (Mao et al., 2017).Bugu da kari, an gano cewa cos na iya inganta ci gaban mucosa na hanji sosai kuma yana kara yawan maganganun toshe kwayoyin halitta a cikin alade (WAN, Jiang, et al. a cikin cikakkiyar hanya, waɗannan suna nuna cewa nau'ikan carbohydrate daban-daban na iya inganta haɓakar hanji. aikin piglets (tebur 2b).

Takaitawa da Prospect

Carbohydrate shine babban tushen makamashi na aladu, wanda ya ƙunshi monosaccharides daban-daban, disaccharides, oligosaccharides da polysaccharides.Sharuɗɗan da suka dogara da halayen ilimin lissafin jiki suna taimakawa wajen mai da hankali kan yuwuwar ayyukan kiwon lafiya na carbohydrates da haɓaka daidaiton rarraba carbohydrate.Daban-daban iri-iri da nau'ikan carbohydrates suna da tasiri daban-daban akan kiyaye aikin haɓaka, haɓaka aikin hanji da ma'aunin microbial, da daidaita matakan lipid da glucose metabolism.Yiwuwar tsarin sarrafa carbohydrate na lipid da glucose metabolism yana dogara ne akan metabolites ɗin su (SCFAs), waɗanda microbiota na hanji ke haɓaka.Musamman, carbohydrate a cikin abinci na iya daidaita metabolism na glucose ta hanyar scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY da ampk-g6pase / PEPCK hanyoyin, da daidaita metabolism na lipid ta hanyar scfas-gpr43/41 da amp / atp-ampk hanyoyin.Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da nau'o'in carbohydrates daban-daban ke cikin mafi kyawun haɗuwa, aikin haɓaka da aikin kiwon lafiya na aladu na iya inganta.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa za a gano yuwuwar ayyukan carbohydrate a cikin furotin da maganganun kwayoyin halitta da ka'idojin rayuwa ta hanyar yin amfani da manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su na aikin proteomics, genomics da hanyoyin metabonomics.A ƙarshe amma ba kalla ba, kimantawar haɗuwar carbohydrate daban-daban shine abin da ake bukata don nazarin nau'o'in abinci na carbohydrate a cikin samar da alade.

Source: Jaridar Kimiyyar Dabbobi