Abstract

Nnukwu ọganihu nke nyocha carbohydrate na nri ezì na ahụike bụ nhazi nke carbohydrate doro anya, nke na-adabereghị na nhazi kemịkal ya, kamakwa dabere na njirimara physiological ya.Na mgbakwunye na ịbụ isi iyi ike, ụdị dị iche iche na usoro nke carbohydrates bara uru na nri na ọrụ ahụike nke ezì.Ha na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite ọrụ uto na ọrụ eriri afọ nke ezì, na-achịkwa obodo microbial intestinal, na ịhazi metabolism nke lipids na glucose.Usoro bụ isi nke carbohydrate bụ site na metabolites ya (obere yinye fatty acids [SCFAs]) na tumadi site na scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk na scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK ụzọ iji mezie abụba na glucose metabolism.Ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ enyochala njikọ kachasị mma nke ụdị dị iche iche na nhazi nke carbohydrates, nke nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ uto na nri digestive, na-akwalite ọrụ eriri afọ, ma na-abawanye ụba nke butyrate na-emepụta nje bacteria na ezì.N'ozuzu, ihe akaebe na-agba ume na-akwado echiche na carbohydrates na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na nri na ọrụ ahụike nke ezì.Na mgbakwunye, mkpebi siri ike nke mejupụtara carbohydrate ga-enwe usoro iwu na uru bara uru maka mmepe teknụzụ itule carbohydrate na ezì.

1. Okwu mmalite

Polymeric carbohydrates, starch na non starch polysaccharides (NSP) bụ isi ihe nke nri na isi ike isi iyi nke ezi, aza 60% - 70% nke ngụkọta ike oriri (Bach Knudsen).Ọ dị mma ịmara na ụdị na nhazi nke carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya, nke nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ezì.Nnyocha ndị gara aga egosila na inye nri na starch dị iche iche amylose na amylose (AM / AP) nwere nzaghachi anụ ahụ doro anya na arụmọrụ nke ezì (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).A na-ekwenye na eriri nri, nke kachasị nke NSP, na-ebelata iji ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na uru ike nke anụ ọhịa monogastric (NOBLET na le, 2001).Otú ọ dị, oriri eriri nri emetụtaghị ọganihu nke piglets (Han & Lee, 2005).Ọtụtụ ihe akaebe na-egosi na eriri nri na-eme ka usoro intestinal morphology na ọrụ mgbochi nke piglets na-ebelata, ma na-ebelata ọrịa afọ ọsịsa (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Ya mere, ọ dị ngwa ngwa ịmụ ka esi eji carbohydrates dị mgbagwoju anya na nri eme ihe nke ọma, ọkachasị nri nwere eriri.Ekwesịrị ịkọwapụta njirimara na njirimara taxonomic nke carbohydrates na nri ha na ọrụ ahụike maka ezì wee tụlee na usoro nri.NSP na starch na-eguzogide ọgwụ (RS) bụ carbohydrates ndị na-abụghị digestible (wey et al., 2011), ebe microbiota intestinal na-eme ka carbohydrates na-adịghị digestible banye n'ime obere acid fatty acid (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Na mgbakwunye, a na-ewere ụfọdụ oligosaccharides na polysaccharides dị ka probiotics nke anụmanụ, nke enwere ike iji kpalite oke nke Lactobacillus na Bifidobacterium na eriri afọ (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; M ø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).A kọwo mgbakwunye Oligosaccharides iji meziwanye nhazi nke microbiota intestinal (de Lange et al., 2010).Iji belata ojiji nke antimicrobial na-akwalite mmepụta ezì, ọ dị mkpa ịchọta ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji nweta ezi ahụike anụmanụ.Enwere ohere itinyekwu carbohydrates dị iche iche na nri ezi.Ọtụtụ ihe akaebe na-egosi na nchikota kacha mma nke starch, NSP na MOS nwere ike ịkwalite arụmọrụ na-eto eto na nri digestibility, na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke butyrate na-emepụta nje bacteria, ma melite metabolism lipid nke ezì a napụrụ ara ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ (Zhou, Chen, et al). ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).Ya mere, ebumnuche nke akwụkwọ a bụ iji nyochaa nyocha ugbu a na isi ọrụ nke carbohydrate n'ịkwalite ọrụ uto na ọrụ eriri afọ, na-achịkwa obodo intestinal microbial na ahụike nke metabolic, na ịchọpụta nchịkọta carbohydrate nke ezi.

2. Nhazi nke carbohydrates

Enwere ike kewaa carbohydrates nri dị ka nha molekụla ha si dị, ogo polymerization (DP), ụdị njikọ (a ma ọ bụ b) na ngwakọta nke monomers onye ọ bụla (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Ọ dị mma ịmara na isi nhazi nke carbohydrates dabere na DP ha, dị ka monosaccharides ma ọ bụ disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) na polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), nke mejupụtara. starch, NSP na glycosidic bond (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et al., 2007; Isiokwu 1).Nyocha kemịkalụ dị mkpa iji ghọta mmetụta physiological na ahụike nke carbohydrates.Site na njirimara kemịkalụ zuru oke nke carbohydrates, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchịkọta ha dịka ahụike ha na mmetụta physiological ha si dị yana itinye ha na atụmatụ nhazi ọkwa n'ozuzu ya (englyst et al., 2007).Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, na ọtụtụ starches) nke nwere ike ịgbari site na enzymes ndị ọbịa na itinye uche na eriri afọ dị ka carbohydrates digestible ma ọ bụ dịnụ (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Carbohydrates nke na-eguzogide mgbari eriri afọ, ma ọ bụ nke etinyere ya nke ọma na metabolized, mana enwere ike imebi ya site na gbaa ụka microbial na-ewere carbohydrates na-eguzogide ọgwụ, dịka ọtụtụ NSP, oligosaccharides indigestible na RS.N'ụzọ bụ isi, a kọwapụtara carbohydrates ndị na-eguzogide ọgwụ dị ka enweghị mgbagha ma ọ bụ enweghị ike iji ya, mana nye nkọwa ziri ezi karịa nke nhazi nke carbohydrates (englist et al., 2007).

3.1 arụmọrụ uto

Starch nwere ụdị polysaccharides abụọ.Amylose (AM) bụ ụdị starch linear α (1-4) jikọtara dextran, amylopectin (AP) bụ α (1-4) jikọtara dextran, nwere ihe dị ka 5% dextran α (1-6) iji mepụta molekul nwere alaka. (nnwale et al., 2004).N'ihi nhazi na usoro dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ, AP ọgaranya starches dị mfe mgbari, ebe m ọgaranya starches adịghị mfe mgbari (Singh et al., 2010).Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ gara aga egosila na nri nri starch dị iche iche AM / AP nwere nzaghachi physiological dị ịrịba ama na uto nke ezì (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Nri nri na nri nri ezi ndị a gbapụrụ ara belatara na mmụba nke AM (regmi et al., 2011).Agbanyeghị, ihe akaebe na-apụta na-akọ na nri nwere oke amamịghe na-abawanye nkezi uru kwa ụbọchị yana nri ezi nri na-eto eto (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kọrọ na inye nri dị iche iche AM / AP nke starch emetụtaghị uto nke piglets arapụpụrụ ara (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ebe nri AP dị elu mụbara nri nri nke ewepụrụ ara. ezi (Gao et al., 2020A).Nri nri bụ obere akụkụ nri nke sitere na osisi.Nsogbu bụ isi bụ na eriri nri dị elu jikọtara ya na iji nri na-edozi ahụ dị ala yana uru net ume dị ala (noble & Le, 2001).N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, oriri eriri na-agafeghị oke emetụtaghị ọganihu nke ezì a napụrụ ara (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Mmetụta nke eriri nri na iji nri na-edozi ahụ na uru net ume na-emetụta àgwà eriri, na ụdị eriri dị iche iche nwere ike ịdị iche (lndber, 2014).N'ime ezì agbapụrụ ara, mgbakwunye na eriri pea nwere ọnụego ntụgharị dị elu karịa nri ọka ọka, eriri soybean na fiber bran ọka (Chen et al., 2014).N'otu aka ahụ, piglets agbapụrụ ara nke ejiri ọka ọka na ọka wit gosipụtara arụmọrụ nri dị elu na uru dị arọ karịa nke ejiri soybean hull mesoo (Zhao et al., 2018).N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ọ nweghị ihe dị iche na arụmọrụ uto n'etiti otu bran fiber group na otu inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Na mgbakwunye, ma e jiri ya tụnyere piglets na otu cellulose na otu xylan, mgbakwunye ahụ dị irè karị β- Glucan na-emebi ọrụ uto nke piglets (Wu et al., 2018).Oligosaccharides bụ carbohydrates dị arọ dị ala, dị n'etiti shuga na polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Ha nwere ihe dị mkpa physiological na physicochemical, gụnyere obere calorific uru na-akpali uto nke nje bacteria bara uru, n'ihi ya, ha nwere ike iji dị ka dietary probiotics (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto na mancilha, 2007).Mgbakwunye nke chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) nwere ike imeziwanye ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ ọsịsa ma melite morphology intestinal, si otú ahụ na-eme ka ọganihu nke ezì a napụrụ ara (Zhou et al., 2012).Na mgbakwunye, nri agbakwunyere na cos nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ ọmụmụ nke ịgha mkpụrụ (ọnụọgụ nke piglets dị ndụ) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) na arụmọrụ uto nke ezì na-eto eto (wontae et al., 2008) .Mgbakwunye nke MOS na fructooligosaccharide nwekwara ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ezì (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Akụkọ ndị a na-egosi na carbohydrates dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ọrụ uto nke ezì (tebụl 2a).

3.2 ọrụ eriri afọ

Nri starch nke am/ap dị elu nwere ike imezi ahụike eriri afọ (tribyrinnwere ike ichebe ya maka ezi) site n'ịkwalite morphology intestinal na ịchịkwa ọrụ eriri afọ nke metụtara okwu mkpụrụ ndụ n'ime ezì (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Oke villi dị elu na ịdị elu villi na oke ezumike nke ileum na jejunum dị elu mgbe ejiri nri ụtụtụ na-eri nri, na mkpokọta apoptosis nke obere eriri afọ dị ala.N'otu oge ahụ, ọ mụbara okwu nke igbochi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na duodenum na jejunum, ebe n'ime otu AP dị elu, a na-abawanye ọrụ sucrose na maltase na jejunum nke ezì a napụrụ ara (Gao et al., 2020b).N'otu aka ahụ, ọrụ gara aga chọpụtara na nri bara ụba na-ebelata pH na nri bara ụba AP mụbara ọnụ ọgụgụ nje bacteria na caecum nke ezi ndị a hapụrụ ara (Gao et al., 2020A).Ihe oriri na-eri nri bụ isi ihe na-emetụta mmepe nke eriri afọ na ọrụ ezì.Ihe akaebe a gbakọtara na-egosi na eriri nri na-eme ka usoro eriri afọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi nke ezi ndị a napụrụ ara, ma na-ebelata ọrịa afọ ọsịsa (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Enweghị eriri erimeri na-abawanye ohere nke nje na-emebi ma na-emebi ọrụ mgbochi nke mucosa colon (Desai et al., 2016), ebe ị na-eri nri na-eri nri na-adịghị edozi ahụ nwere ike igbochi pathogens site na ịbawanye ogologo nke villi na ezì (hedemann et al., 2006). ).Ụdị eriri dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ọrụ nke colon na ihe mgbochi ileum.Ọka ọka ọka na eriri agwa na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi afọ na-arụ ọrụ site na ịhazi okwu mkpụrụ ndụ TLR2 na imeziwanye obodo microbial intestinal ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọka na eriri soybean (Chen et al., 2015).Inweta eriri agwa ogologo oge nwere ike ịhazi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa metụtara metabolism ma ọ bụ okwu protein, si otú a na-emezi ihe mgbochi colon na ọrụ mgbochi (Che et al., 2014).Inulin na nri nwere ike zere ọgba aghara nke eriri afọ na piglets arapụpụrụ ara site na ịba ụba nke eriri afọ (Awad et al., 2013).Okwesiri iburu n'uche na nchikota nke soluble (inulin) na eriri insoluble (cellulose) dị irè karịa naanị ya, nke nwere ike imeziwanye ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ na ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ na ezì a napụrụ ara (Chen et al., 2019).Mmetụta nke eriri nri nri na mucosa eriri afọ na-adabere na ihe mejupụtara ya.Nnyocha e mere n'oge gara aga chọpụtara na xylan kwalitere ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ, yana mgbanwe na ụdị nje bacteria na metabolites, na glucan kwalitere ọrụ mgbochi intestinal na ahụ ike mucosal, mana mgbakwunye nke cellulose egosighi mmetụta yiri nke ahụ na ịwepụ ezì (Wu et al. , 2018).Enwere ike iji oligosaccharides dị ka isi mmalite carbon maka microorganisms dị n'ime eriri afọ kama ịgbari ya ma jiri ya mee ihe.Fructose supplementation nwere ike ime ka ọkpụkpụ eriri afọ nke eriri afọ, mmepụta butyric acid, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ recessive na mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial intestinal na ezì a napụrụ ara (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharides nwere ike melite ọrụ mgbochi eriri afọ ma belata mmebi eriri afọ nke rotavirus kpatara na piglets (Mao et al., 2017).Na mgbakwunye, a chọpụtala na cos nwere ike ịkwalite uto nke mucosa intestinal nke ukwuu ma na-abawanye okwu nke igbochi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na piglets (WAN, Jiang, et al. n'ụzọ zuru oke, ndị a na-egosi na ụdị carbohydrate dị iche iche nwere ike imeziwanye eriri afọ. ọrụ nke piglets (tebụl 2b).

Nchịkọta na atụmanya

Carbohydrate bụ isi iyi ike nke ezì, nke mejupụtara monosaccharides dị iche iche, disaccharides, oligosaccharides na polysaccharides.Usoro dabere na njirimara physiological na-enyere aka ilekwasị anya na ọrụ ahụike nke carbohydrates nwere ike ime ma melite izi ezi nke nhazi ọkwa carbohydrate.Ụdị dị iche iche na ụdị carbohydrates dị iche iche nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ uto, na-akwalite ọrụ eriri afọ na nguzozi microbial, na ịchịkwa lipid na glucose metabolism.Usoro enwere ike ịhazi carbohydrate nke lipid na glucose metabolism dabere na metabolites ha (SCFA), nke microbiota eriri afọ gbazere.Kpọmkwem, carbohydrate na nri nwere ike ịhazi metabolism glucose site na scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY na ampk-g6pase / PEPCK ụzọ, ma na-ahazi metabolism lipid site na scfas-gpr43/41 na amp / atp-ampk ụzọ.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mgbe ụdị carbohydrates dị iche iche dị na nchịkọta kachasị mma, ọganihu ọganihu na ọrụ ahụike nke ezì nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma.

Ọ dị mma ịmara na a ga-achọpụta ọrụ ndị nwere carbohydrate na protein na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na usoro metabolic site na iji usoro proteomics arụ ọrụ dị elu, genomics na metabonomics.N'ikpeazụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ, nyocha nke nchịkọta carbohydrate dị iche iche bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ihe oriri carbohydrate dị iche iche na mmepụta ezì.

Isi mmalite: Akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị anụmanụ