Abstract

Qhov kev nce qib loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb fawb carbohydrate hauv npua kev noj zaub mov thiab kev noj qab haus huv yog qhov kev faib tawm ntau dua ntawm cov carbohydrates, uas tsis yog raws li nws cov qauv tshuaj, tab sis kuj raws li nws cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev.Ntxiv rau qhov ua lub zog tseem ceeb, ntau hom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov carbohydrates muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj zaub mov thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm npua.Lawv koom nrog kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab hnyuv ntawm npua, tswj cov hnyuv microbial zej zog, thiab tswj cov metabolism ntawm lipids thiab qabzib.Lub hauv paus txheej txheem ntawm carbohydrate yog los ntawm nws cov metabolites (cov saw luv luv fatty acids [SCFAs]) thiab feem ntau yog los ntawm scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk thiab scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK txoj hauv kev los tswj cov roj thiab glucose metabolism.Cov kev tshawb fawb tshiab tau soj ntsuam kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau hom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov carbohydrates, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev loj hlob thiab kev zom zaub mov, txhawb txoj hnyuv ua haujlwm, thiab ua kom muaj ntau ntawm butyrate tsim cov kab mob hauv npua.Zuag qhia tag nrho, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj txhawb kev pom tias cov carbohydrates ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev noj haus thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm npua.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov carbohydrate muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav muaj qhov theoretical thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev txhim kho cov carbohydrate tshuav nyiaj li cas hauv npua.

1. Lus qhuab qhia

Polymeric carbohydrates, starch thiab non starch polysaccharides (NSP) yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom noj thiab lub zog loj ntawm npua, suav txog 60% - 70% ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob (Bach Knudsen).Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias ntau yam thiab cov qauv ntawm carbohydrates yog qhov nyuaj heev, uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov npua.Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias kev pub mis nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab sib txawv ntawm amylose rau amylose (AM / AP) piv tau pom tseeb physiological teb rau kev loj hlob ntawm npua (Doti li al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Kev noj zaub mov fiber ntau, feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm NSP, ntseeg tau tias txo kev siv cov khoom noj thiab cov nqi zog ntawm cov tsiaj monogastric (NOBLET thiab le, 2001).Txawm li cas los xij, kev noj zaub mov fiber ntau tsis cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm piglets (Han & Lee, 2005).Ntau thiab ntau cov pov thawj qhia tau hais tias kev noj haus fiber ntau txhim kho txoj hnyuv morphology thiab barrier muaj nuj nqi ntawm piglets, thiab txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm raws plab (Chen li al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom kawm txog yuav ua li cas thiaj li siv tau cov carbohydrates nyuaj hauv kev noj haus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom noj muaj fiber ntau.Cov qauv thiab taxonomic yam ntxwv ntawm carbohydrates thiab lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab kev noj qab haus huv rau npua yuav tsum tau piav qhia thiab txiav txim siab hauv cov qauv pub.NSP thiab resistant starch (RS) yog lub ntsiab tsis digestible carbohydrates (wey li al., 2011), thaum lub plab hnyuv microbiota ferments tsis digestible carbohydrates rau hauv luv saw fatty acids (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides raug suav hais tias yog cov tsiaj txhu, uas tuaj yeem siv los txhawb qhov kev faib ua feem ntawm Lactobacillus thiab Bifidobacterium hauv txoj hnyuv (Mikkelsen li al., 2004; M ø LBAK li al., 2007; Wellock li al. , 2008).Oligosaccharide supplementation tau raug tshaj tawm los txhim kho cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv microbiota (de Lange li al., 2010).Txhawm rau txo qis kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob kev loj hlob hauv kev tsim cov npua, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nrhiav tau lwm txoj hauv kev kom ua tiav cov tsiaj noj qab haus huv.Muaj lub sijhawm los ntxiv ntau yam carbohydrates rau npua noj.Ntau thiab ntau cov pov thawj qhia tau hais tias kev pom zoo ua ke ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, NSP thiab MOS tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo thiab kev zom zaub mov, nce cov kab mob butyrate, thiab txhim kho cov lipid metabolism ntawm weaned npua rau qee yam (Zhou, Chen, li al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm daim ntawv no yog los tshuaj xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no ntawm lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm carbohydrate hauv kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv, tswj cov hnyuv microbial zej zog thiab kev noj qab haus huv metabolic, thiab tshawb nrhiav cov carbohydrate ua ke ntawm npua.

2. Kev faib tawm ntawm carbohydrates

Kev noj zaub mov carbohydrates tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lawv qhov loj me, qib ntawm polymerization (DP), hom kev sib txuas (a lossis b) thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov monomers (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov kev faib tawm tseem ceeb ntawm cov carbohydrates yog nyob ntawm lawv cov DP, xws li monosaccharides lossis disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) thiab polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), uas yog tsim los ntawm starch, NSP thiab glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Table 1).Kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj yog tsim nyog kom nkag siab txog lub cev thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov carbohydrates.Nrog rau kev txheeb xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg ntau dua ntawm cov carbohydrates, nws muaj peev xwm los pab pawg raws li lawv cov kev noj qab haus huv thiab lub cev muaj zog thiab suav nrog lawv hauv cov phiaj xwm kev faib tawm tag nrho (englyst et al., 2007).Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, thiab feem ntau starches) uas yuav zom tau los ntawm tus tswv enzymes thiab absorbed nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me yog txhais tias digestible los yog muaj carbohydrates (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Carbohydrates uas tiv taus rau plab hnyuv, los yog tsis zoo absorbed thiab metabolized, tab sis tej zaum yuav degraded los ntawm microbial fermentation yog suav hais tias resistant carbohydrates, xws li feem ntau NSP, indigestible oligosaccharides thiab RS.Qhov tseem ceeb, cov carbohydrates uas tsis muaj zog yog txhais tau tias yog cov khoom noj tsis haum lossis siv tsis tau, tab sis muab cov lus piav qhia meej dua ntawm kev faib cov carbohydrates (englyst li al., 2007).

3.1 kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo

Starch yog tsim los ntawm ob hom polysaccharides.Amylose (AM) yog ib hom kab ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab α (1-4) txuas dextran, amylopectin (AP) yog α (1-4) txuas dextran, muaj txog 5% dextran α (1-6) los tsim cov molecule ceg. (Tester et al., 2004).Vim muaj qhov sib txawv molecular configurations thiab cov qauv, AP nplua nuj starches yog ib qho yooj yim mus zom, thaum kuv nplua nuj starches tsis yooj yim rau zom (Singh li al., 2010).Cov kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los tau pom tias kev noj cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm AM / AP muaj cov lus teb tseem ceeb rau kev loj hlob ntawm npua (Doti li al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Kev noj zaub mov thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov npua uas tsis muaj menyuam poob qis nrog qhov nce ntawm AM (regmi li al., 2011).Txawm li cas los xij, cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tshiab tau tshaj tawm tias kev noj zaub mov kom siab dua yog nce qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub nce thiab kev noj zaub mov zoo ntawm cov npua loj hlob (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Tsis tas li ntawd, qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshaj tawm tias kev pub mis sib txawv ntawm AM / AP piv ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab tsis cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov piglets weaned (Gao li al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), thaum cov khoom noj AP siab tau nce cov as-ham digestibility ntawm weaned. npua (Gao et al., 2020A).Dietary fiber yog ib feem me me ntawm cov khoom noj uas los ntawm cov nroj tsuag.Ib qho teeb meem loj yog tias cov khoom noj muaj fiber ntau yog cuam tshuam nrog kev siv cov khoom noj qis thiab qis zog tus nqi (noble & Le, 2001).Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, kev noj fiber ntau tsis cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov npua weaned (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang li al., 2013).Cov teebmeem ntawm kev noj zaub mov fiber ntau ntawm kev siv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab cov nqi hluav taws xob muaj feem cuam tshuam los ntawm cov yam ntxwv fiber ntau, thiab cov khoom siv fiber ntau yuav txawv heev (lndber, 2014).Nyob rau hauv weaned npua, supplementation nrog pea fiber muaj ib tug ntau dua feed conversion tus nqi tshaj pub pob kws fiber, soybean fiber thiab nplej bran fiber (Chen li al., 2014).Ib yam li ntawd, weaned piglets kho nrog pob kws bran thiab nplej bran pom tau tias muaj kev noj qab haus huv ntau dua thiab qhov hnyav nce ntau dua li cov khoom siv taum taum (Zhao li al., 2018).Interestingly, tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov nplej bran fiber ntau thiab pawg inulin (Hu li al., 2020).Tsis tas li ntawd, piv nrog cov piglets nyob rau hauv pawg cellulose thiab xylan pawg, cov supplementation tau zoo dua β-Glucan impairs kev loj hlob ntawm piglets (Wu li al., 2018).Oligosaccharides yog qhov hnyav molecular carbohydrates, nruab nrab ntawm cov suab thaj thiab polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Lawv muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev thiab lub cev muaj zog, suav nrog cov nqi qis calorific thiab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob uas muaj txiaj ntsig, yog li lawv tuaj yeem siv los ua kev noj haus probiotics (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto and mancilha, 2007).Supplementation ntawm chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov digestibility ntawm cov as-ham, txo qhov tshwm sim ntawm raws plab thiab txhim kho txoj hnyuv morphology, yog li txhim kho kev loj hlob ntawm weaned npua (Zhou et al., 2012).Tsis tas li ntawd, kev noj zaub mov ntxiv nrog cos tuaj yeem txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov noob qoob loo (tus naj npawb ntawm cov piglets nyob) (Cheng li al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov npua loj hlob (wontae li al., 2008) .Supplementation ntawm MOS thiab fructooligosaccharide tuaj yeem txhim kho kev loj hlob ntawm npua (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Cov ntawv ceeb toom no qhia tias ntau yam carbohydrates muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm npua (table 2a).

3.2 plab hnyuv ua haujlwm

High am / ap ratio starch tuaj yeem txhim kho txoj hnyuv (tribyrintuaj yeem tiv thaiv nws rau npua) los ntawm kev txhawb nqa plab hnyuv morphology thiab nce kev tswj cov hnyuv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov noob qhia hauv cov npua npua (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Qhov sib piv ntawm villi qhov siab rau villi qhov siab thiab qhov tob tob ntawm ileum thiab jejunum tau siab dua thaum noj zaub mov siab, thiab tag nrho apoptosis tus nqi ntawm cov hnyuv qis dua.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws kuj tau nce qhov kev qhia ntawm kev thaiv cov noob hauv duodenum thiab jejunum, thaum nyob hauv pawg AP siab, cov dej num ntawm sucrose thiab maltase hauv jejunum ntawm weaned npua tau nce (Gao et al., 2020b).Ib yam li ntawd, kev ua haujlwm yav dhau los pom tias cov khoom noj muaj nplua nuj txo pH thiab AP cov zaub mov nplua nuj tau nce tag nrho cov kab mob hauv caecum ntawm weaned npua (Gao li al., 2020A).Kev noj zaub mov fiber ntau yog cov khoom tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau txoj hnyuv loj hlob thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm npua.Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj pom tau tias cov khoom noj fiber ntau txhim kho txoj hnyuv morphology thiab teeb meem kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov npua npua, thiab txo qhov mob raws plab (Chen li al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Kev noj zaub mov tsis muaj fiber ntau ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab mob thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosa (Desai li al., 2016), thaum noj zaub mov uas muaj fiber ntau tsis txaus tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob los ntawm kev ua kom ntev ntawm villi hauv npua (hedemann li al., 2006. ).Ntau hom fibers muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv thiab ileum barrier.Nplej bran thiab pea fibers txhim khu plab hnyuv muaj nuj nqi los ntawm kev tswj TLR2 noob qhia thiab txhim kho plab hnyuv microbial zej zog piv nrog pob kws thiab taum fibers (Chen li al., 2015).Kev noj cov txiv laum huab xeeb ntev ntev tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov metabolism ntsig txog cov noob lossis cov protein qhia, yog li txhim kho txoj hnyuv thiab lub cev tsis muaj zog (Che et al., 2014).Inulin hauv kev noj zaub mov tuaj yeem zam tsis txhob cuam tshuam plab hnyuv hauv cov piglets los ntawm kev ua kom plab hnyuv permeability (Awad li al., 2013).Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog sau cia tias kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm soluble (inulin) thiab insoluble fiber (cellulose) muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua li ib leeg, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho kev noj zaub mov zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hnyuv hauv cov npua weaned (Chen li al., 2019).Cov nyhuv ntawm kev noj haus fiber ntau ntawm plab hnyuv mucosa nyob ntawm lawv cov khoom.Ib txoj kev tshawb fawb yav dhau los pom tau tias xylan txhawb txoj hnyuv ua haujlwm, nrog rau kev hloov pauv ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov metabolites, thiab glucan txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab hnyuv thiab mucosal noj qab haus huv, tab sis kev ntxiv ntawm cellulose tsis pom cov txiaj ntsig zoo sib xws hauv cov npua npua (Wu li al. , 2018).Oligosaccharides tuaj yeem siv los ua cov pa roj carbon monoxide rau cov kab mob hauv lub plab es tsis txhob zom thiab siv.Fructose supplementation tuaj yeem ua rau cov hnyuv mucosa tuab, butyric acid ntau lawm, cov cell recessive thiab proliferation ntawm plab hnyuv epithelial hlwb nyob rau hauv weaned npua (Tsukahara li al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharides tuaj yeem txhim kho plab hnyuv ua haujlwm thiab txo cov hnyuv puas tsuaj los ntawm rotavirus hauv piglets (Mao et al., 2017).Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias cos tuaj yeem txhawb txoj kev loj hlob ntawm plab hnyuv mucosa thiab ua rau muaj kev nthuav tawm ntawm kev thaiv cov noob hauv piglets (WAN, Jiang, et al. nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev qhia, cov no qhia tias ntau hom carbohydrate tuaj yeem txhim kho txoj hnyuv. kev ua haujlwm ntawm piglets (table 2b).

Summary thiab Prospect

Carbohydrate yog lub zog tseem ceeb ntawm npua, uas yog tsim los ntawm ntau yam monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides thiab polysaccharides.Cov ntsiab lus raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev pab txhawm rau tsom mus rau lub peev xwm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov carbohydrates thiab txhim kho qhov tseeb ntawm kev faib cov carbohydrate.Cov qauv sib txawv thiab hom carbohydrates muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev tswj hwm kev loj hlob, txhawb txoj hnyuv ua haujlwm thiab microbial tshuav nyiaj li cas, thiab tswj cov lipid thiab qabzib metabolism.Cov txheej txheem ua tau ntawm kev tswj hwm carbohydrate ntawm lipid thiab qabzib metabolism yog nyob ntawm lawv cov metabolites (SCFAs), uas yog fermented los ntawm plab hnyuv microbiota.Tshwj xeeb, carbohydrate hauv kev noj zaub mov tuaj yeem tswj hwm cov piam thaj metabolism los ntawm scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY thiab ampk-g6pase / PEPCK txoj hauv kev, thiab tswj cov lipid metabolism los ntawm scfas-gpr43 / 41 thiab amp / atp-ampk txoj hauv kev.Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum sib txawv ntawm cov carbohydrates nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo tshaj plaws, kev loj hlob thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm npua tuaj yeem txhim kho.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub peev xwm ua hauj lwm ntawm carbohydrate nyob rau hauv protein thiab noob qhia thiab metabolic kev cai yuav nrhiav tau los ntawm kev siv high-throughput functional proteomics, genomics thiab metabonomics txoj kev.Qhov kawg tab sis tsis kawg, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov carbohydrate sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev kawm txog ntau hom kev noj zaub mov carbohydrate hauv npua ntau lawm.

Tau qhov twg los: Animal Science Journal