ʻĀpana

ʻO ka holomua nui loa o ka noiʻi carbohydrate i ka meaʻai puaʻa a me ke olakino ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka carbohydrate, ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu wale ʻia ma kona ʻano kemika, akā pili pū nō hoʻi i kāna mau ʻano physiological.Ma waho aʻe o ke kumu nui o ka ikehu, ʻo nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana o ka carbohydrates he mea pono i ka meaʻai a me nā hana olakino o nā puaʻa.Hoʻopili lākou i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ulu a me ka hana o ka ʻōpū o ka puaʻa, hoʻoponopono i ke kaiāulu microbial intestinal, a hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism o ka lipids a me ka glucose.ʻO ka hana kumu o ka carbohydrate ma o kāna mau metabolites (short chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) a ma o nā ala scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk a me scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK e hoʻoponopono i ka momona a glucose metabolism.Ua loiloi nā haʻawina hou i ka hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano o ka carbohydrates, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana ulu a me ka digestibility nutrient, hoʻoikaika i ka hana o ka ʻōpū, a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka butyrate e hana ana i ka bacteria i loko o nā puaʻa.Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, kākoʻo nā hōʻike koʻikoʻi i ka manaʻo he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka carbohydrates i ka meaʻai a me ka hana olakino o nā puaʻa.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka haku melemele e loaʻa i ka waiwai theoretical a me ka pono no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana kaulike carbohydrate i nā puaʻa.

1. Olelo mua

ʻO nā huaʻona polymeric, starch a me nā polysaccharides non starch (NSP) nā mea nui o nā meaʻai a me nā kumu ikehu nui o nā puaʻa, e helu ana no 60% - 70% o ka nui o ka ikehu (Bach Knudsen).He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo he paʻakikī loa ka ʻano a me ke ʻano o nā carbohydrates, he mau hopena like ʻole i ka puaʻa.Ua hōʻike mua nā haʻawina i ka hānai ʻana me ka starch me nā amylose ʻokoʻa i ka amylose (AM / AP) ka pane ʻana i ka physiological pane i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).ʻO ka fiber dietary, ka nui o ka NSP, ua manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka waiwai o ka ikehu o nā holoholona monogastric (NOBLET a me le, 2001).Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i pili ka ʻai ʻana i ka fiber i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Han & Lee, 2005).Hōʻike nā hōʻike hou aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ka fiber dietary i ka morphology intestinal a me ka hana pale o nā puaʻa, a hoʻemi i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg，2014; Wu et al., 2018).No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi e aʻo pehea e hoʻohana maikaʻi ai i nā ʻakika paʻakikī i loko o ka meaʻai, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hānai i ka fiber.Pono e wehewehe ʻia a noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka taxonomic o nā carbohydrates a me kā lākou meaʻai a me nā hana olakino no ka puaʻa.ʻO ka NSP a me ka starch kūpaʻa (RS) ka mea nui i hiki ʻole ke digestible carbohydrates (wey et al., 2011), ʻoiai ka microbiota intestinal ferment non digestible carbohydrates i loko o nā kaulahao momona pōkole (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi oligosaccharides a me polysaccharides e like me nā probiotics o nā holoholona, ​​​​hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻoulu i ka nui o Lactobacillus a me Bifidobacterium i loko o ka ʻōpū (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; M ø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o Oligosaccharide e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ka microbiota intestinal (de Lange et al., 2010).I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻoulu ulu antimicrobial i ka hana puaʻa, pono e ʻimi i nā ala ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō ai i ke olakino holoholona maikaʻi.Loaʻa ka manawa kūpono e hoʻohui i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano kalapona i ka hānai puaʻa.Hōʻike nā hōʻike hou aʻe i ka hui maikaʻi ʻana o ka starch, NSP a me MOS hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka hana ulu a me ka digestibility nutrient, hoʻonui i ka helu o ka butyrate e hana ana i ka bacteria, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lipid metabolism o nā puaʻa weaned i kekahi ʻano (Zhou, Chen, et al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).No laila, ʻo ke kumu o kēia pepa, ʻo ia ka nānā ʻana i ka noiʻi o kēia manawa e pili ana i ke kuleana nui o ka carbohydrate i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ulu a me ka hana o ka ʻōpū, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kaiāulu microbial intestinal a me ke olakino metabolic, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana o nā puaʻa.

2. Ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā kalapona

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā meaʻai carbohydrate e like me ko lākou nui mole, degere o ka polymerization (DP), ke ʻano pili (a a i ʻole b) a me ka haku ʻana o nā monomers pākahi (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻana o nā carbohydrates e pili ana i kā lākou DP, e like me ka monosaccharides a i ʻole disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) a me polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), i haku ʻia me starch, NSP a me glycosidic paʻa (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Papa 1).Pono pono ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana kemika no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena physiological a me ke olakino o nā kaʻa.Me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kemika ʻoi aku ka nui o nā carbohydrates, hiki ke hui pū ʻia e like me ko lākou olakino a me nā hopena physiological a hoʻokomo iā lākou i loko o ka hoʻolālā papa helu holoʻokoʻa (englyst et al., 2007).ʻO nā kalapona (monosaccharides, disaccharides, a me ka hapa nui o nā mākiko) hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e nā enzyme host a komo i loko o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi e wehewehe ʻia he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe a loaʻa paha (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).ʻO nā kalapona i kū ʻole i ka ʻeli ʻana o ka ʻōpū, a i ʻole i komo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, akā hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e ka microbial fermentation i manaʻo ʻia he mau kalapona kūpaʻa, e like me ka hapa nui o NSP, indigestible oligosaccharides a me RS.ʻO ka mea nui, ua wehewehe ʻia nā haʻahaʻa kūʻokoʻa ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, akā hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe pololei o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā carbohydrates (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 hana ulu

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka starch i ʻelua ʻano polysaccharides.ʻO Amylose (AM) kahi ʻano starch laina α(1-4) i hoʻopili ʻia dextran, amylopectin (AP) he dextran pili α(1-4), aia ma kahi o 5% dextran α(1-6) e hana i kahi mole (mea ho'āʻo et al., 2004).Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā hoʻonohonoho molekala a me nā hoʻolālā, ua maʻalahi ka ʻeli ʻana i nā starches waiwai AP, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā starches waiwai (Singh et al., 2010).Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina mua i ka hānaiʻana i ka starch me nāʻano AM / AP likeʻole i nā pane physiological nui i ka uluʻana o nā puaʻa (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Hoʻemi ʻia ka hānai ʻana a me ka pono o ka hānai ʻana i nā puaʻa wean me ka piʻi ʻana o AM (regmi et al., 2011).Eia nō naʻe, hōʻike nā hōʻike hōʻike e hoʻonui ana nā meaʻai me ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe i ka awelika o ka loaʻa ʻana o kēlā me kēia lā a me ka maikaʻi o ka hānai ʻana i nā puaʻa ulu (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema ʻaʻole i pili ka hānai ʻana i nā ratio AM / AP o ka starch i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa weaned (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ʻoiai ka meaʻai AP kiʻekiʻe i hoʻonui i ka digestibility nutrient o ka weaned. nā puaʻa (Gao et al., 2020A).He ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka meaʻai ka fiber mai nā mea kanu.ʻO kahi pilikia nui ʻo ia ka pili ʻana o ka fiber meaʻai kiʻekiʻe me ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka waiwai o ka ikehu ʻupena (noble & Le, 2001).ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ka lawe ʻana i ka fiber i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa weaned (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Hoʻopili ʻia nā hopena o ka fiber meaʻai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻai a me ka waiwai o ka ikehu ʻupena e nā hiʻohiʻona fiber, a ʻokoʻa paha nā kumu fiber like ʻole (lndber, 2014).I loko o nā puaʻa weaned, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka meaʻai ma mua o ka hānai ʻana i ka fiber kulina, soybean fiber a me ka palaoa bran fiber (Chen et al., 2014).Pēlā nō, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hānai ʻana a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha ma mua o ka poʻe i mālama ʻia me ka soybean hull (Zhao et al., 2018).ʻO ka mea e mahalo ai, ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa o ka hana ulu ma waena o ka hui palaoa bran fiber a me ka hui inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Eia kekahi, i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā puaʻa i loko o ka pūʻulu cellulose a me ka hui xylan, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka supplementation β-Glucan impairs i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (Wu et al., 2018).ʻO ka Oligosaccharides nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa molekala kaumaha, waena ma waena o nā kō a me nā polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).He waiwai koʻikoʻi ko lākou physiological a physicochemical, me ka waiwai calorific haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua bacteria maikaʻi, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā probiotics meaʻai (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto and mancilha, 2007).Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka digestibility o nā meaʻai, hoʻemi i ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka morphology intestinal, pēlā e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa weaned (Zhou et al., 2012).Eia kekahi, hiki i nā meaʻai i hoʻohui ʻia me ka cos ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hānau o nā lūlū (ka helu o nā puaʻa ola) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) a me ka ulu ʻana o ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa ulu (wontae et al., 2008) .Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o MOS a me fructooligosaccharide ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ulu ʻana o ka puaʻa (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Hōʻike kēia mau hōʻike i nā hopena like ʻole o nā ʻano kalapona i ka ulu ʻana o nā puaʻa (papa 2a).

3.2 hana ʻōpū

Hiki i ka starch ratio kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino ʻōpū (tribyrinhiki ke pale iā ia no ka puaʻa) ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka morphology intestinal a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hana o ka ʻōpū e pili ana i ka hōʻike gene i ka weaning puaʻa (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ratio o ke kiʻekiʻe villi i ke kiʻekiʻe villi a me ka hohonu o ka haleum a me ka jejunum i ka wā i hānai ʻia me ka meaʻai kiʻekiʻe, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka apoptosis o ka ʻōpū liʻiliʻi.I ka manawa like, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana o ka pale ʻana i nā genes i ka duodenum a me ka jejunum, ʻoiai ma ka hui AP kiʻekiʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā hana o ka sucrose a me ka maltase i ka jejunum o nā puaʻa weaned (Gao et al., 2020b).Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka hana ma mua ua hoʻemi ʻia nā meaʻai waiwai nui i ka pH a me nā meaʻai waiwai AP i hoʻonui i ka nui o nā bacteria i ka caecum o nā puaʻa weaned (Gao et al., 2020A).ʻO ka fiber dietary ka mea nui e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpū a me ka hana o nā puaʻa.Hōʻike nā hōʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi ka fiber dietary i ka morphology intestinal a me ka hana pale o nā puaʻa weaned, a hoʻemi i ka maʻi maʻi maʻi (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber，2014; Wu et al., 2018).ʻO ka nele o ka fiber dietary e hoʻonui i ka hiki ke hiki i nā pathogens a hōʻino i ka hana pale o ka colon mucosa (Desai et al., 2016), ʻoiai ʻo ka hānai ʻana me ka meaʻai fiber insoluble hiki ke pale i nā pathogens ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka lōʻihi o ka villi i nā puaʻa (hedemann et al., 2006). ).Loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole o nā ʻano fiber i ka hana o ke kolo a me ka pale ileum.Hoʻonui ka palaoa a me ka pea fibers i ka hana o ka ʻōpū ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka hōʻike gene TLR2 a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kaiāulu microbial intestinal i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kānana a me ka soybean fibers (Chen et al., 2015).Hiki i ka ʻai lōʻihi o ka pea fiber ke hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism pili i ka gene a i ʻole ka hōʻike protein, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka pale colon a me ka hana immune (Che et al., 2014).Hiki i ka Inulin i ka meaʻai ke pale i ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka ʻōpū i nā puaʻa weaned ma o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka permeability o ka ʻōpū (Awad et al., 2013).He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hui pū ʻana o ka soluble (inulin) a me ka insoluble fiber (cellulose) ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻokahi wale nō, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻai ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka hana o ka ʻōpū i nā puaʻa weaned (Chen et al., 2019).ʻO ka hopena o ka fiber dietary ma ka mucosa intestinal e pili ana i kā lākou mau mea.Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi mua ua hoʻoikaika ʻo xylan i ka hana o ka ʻōpū, a me nā loli i ka spectrum bacterial a me nā metabolites, a ua hoʻoikaika ʻo glucan i ka hana o ka ʻōpū a me ke olakino mucosal, akā ʻo ka supplementation o cellulose ʻaʻole i hōʻike i nā hopena like i ka weaning puaʻa (Wu et al. , 2018).Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā oligosaccharides e like me nā kumu kalapona no nā microorganism i ka ʻōpū o luna ma mua o ka ʻeli ʻana a hoʻohana ʻia.Hiki i ka Fructose supplementation ke hoʻonui i ka mānoanoa mucosa intestinal, ka hana ʻana o ka butyric acid, ka helu o nā cell recessive a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā cell epithelial intestinal i nā puaʻa weaned (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Hiki i ka pectin oligosaccharides ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pale ʻōpū a hōʻemi i ka pōʻino o ka ʻōpū i hana ʻia e ka rotavirus i nā puaʻa (Mao et al., 2017).Eia hou, uaʻikeʻia he hiki i ka cos ke hoʻoikaika nui i ka uluʻana o ka mucosa intestinal a hoʻonui nui i ka'ōlelo o ka paleʻana i nā genes i loko o nā puaʻa (WAN, Jiang, et al. ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, e hōʻike ana kēia mauʻano o ka carbohydrate hiki ke hoʻonui i ka'ōpū. hana o na puaa (papa 2b).

Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo

ʻO Carbohydrate ka kumu ikehu nui o nā puaʻa, i haku ʻia me nā monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides a me polysaccharides.ʻO nā huaʻōlelo e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona physiological e kōkua i ka nānā ʻana i nā hana olakino hiki ke loaʻa i nā carbohydrates a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pololei o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka carbohydrate.Loaʻa nā hopena like ʻole o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano kalapona i ka mālama ʻana i ka ulu ulu ʻana, ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka hana ʻōpū a me ke kaulike microbial, a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka lipid a me ka glucose metabolism.Hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano hana o ka hoʻoponopono carbohydrate o ka lipid a me ka metabolism glucose i kā lākou metabolites (SCFAs), i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka microbiota intestinal.ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, hiki i ka carbohydrate i ka meaʻai ke hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism glucose ma o nā ala scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY a ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, a hoʻoponopono i ka metabolism lipid ma o nā ala scfas-gpr43 / 41 a amp / atp-ampk.Eia kekahi, i ka wā i hui maikaʻi ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka carbohydrate, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana ulu a me ka hana olakino o nā puaʻa.

Pono e ʻike ʻia nā hana kūpono o ka carbohydrate i loko o ka protein a me ka hōʻike gene a me ka hoʻoponopono metabolic e ʻike ʻia ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā proteomics hana kiʻekiʻe-throughput, genomics a me nā ʻano metabonomics.ʻO ka mea hope akā ʻaʻole ka mea liʻiliʻi loa, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana i nā hui ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa he mea pono ia no ke aʻo ʻana i nā meaʻai ʻai ʻano like ʻole i ka hana puaʻa.

Puna: Ka puke moʻolelo ʻepekema holoholona