Ibisobanuro

Iterambere rinini ry’ubushakashatsi bwa karubone mu mirire y’ingurube n’ubuzima ni ugusobanuka neza kwa karubone, idashingiye gusa ku miterere y’imiti, ahubwo ishingiye no ku miterere yayo.Usibye kuba isoko nyamukuru yingufu, ubwoko butandukanye nuburyo bwa karubone nziza bigirira akamaro imirire nibikorwa byubuzima bwingurube.Bagira uruhare mu kuzamura imikorere yimikurire nimirimo y amara yingurube, kugenzura mikorobe yo mara, no kugenzura metabolisme ya lipide na glucose.Uburyo bwibanze bwa karubone ni binyuze muri metabolite (acide ya fatty acide acide [SCFAs]) kandi cyane cyane binyuze muri scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk na scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK inzira yo kugenzura ibinure na PEPCK glucose metabolism.Ubushakashatsi bushya bwasuzumye uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ubwoko butandukanye nuburyo bwa karubone, bishobora kunoza imikorere no gukura kwintungamubiri, guteza imbere amara, no kongera ubwinshi bwa butyrate itanga za bagiteri mu ngurube.Muri rusange, ibimenyetso bifatika bishyigikira igitekerezo cyuko karubone nziza igira uruhare runini mubikorwa byimirire nubuzima bwingurube.Byongeye kandi, kugena ibinyabuzima bya karubone bizagira agaciro keza kandi bifatika mugutezimbere tekinoroji ya karubone yingurube.

1. Ijambo ry'ibanze

Carbohydrates ya polymeric, ibinyamisogwe hamwe na polyisikaride idafite ibinyamisogwe (NSP) nibyo bintu nyamukuru bigize indyo n’isoko ry’ingufu z’ingurube, bingana na 60% - 70% by’ingufu zose (Bach Knudsen).Birakwiye ko tumenya ko imiterere nuburyo bwa karubone nziza cyane, bigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku ngurube.Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko kugaburira hamwe na krahisi hamwe na amylose itandukanye ya amylose (AM / AP) bifite igisubizo kigaragara ku mikorere y’ingurube (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Indyo y'ibiryo, igizwe ahanini na NSP, bemeza ko igabanya imikoreshereze y'intungamubiri n'agaciro keza k'inyamaswa monogastricique (NOBLET na le, 2001).Nyamara, gufata ibiryo bya fibre ntabwo byagize ingaruka kumikurire yingurube (Han & Lee, 2005).Ibimenyetso byinshi kandi byinshi byerekana ko fibre yimirire itezimbere amara yo mumara hamwe nimbogamizi yimikorere yingurube, kandi bikagabanya kwandura impiswi (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg ， 2014 ； Wu et al., 2018).Kubwibyo, birihutirwa kwiga uburyo bwo gukoresha neza karubone nziza mu mirire, cyane cyane ibiryo bikungahaye kuri fibre.Imiterere na tagisi biranga karubone, nibikorwa byimirire nubuzima bwingurube bigomba gusobanurwa no gusuzumwa muburyo bwo kugaburira ibiryo.NSP hamwe na krahisi idashobora kwihanganira (RS) ningenzi nyamukuru ya karubone nziza (wey et al., 2011), mugihe microbiota yo mara yo mu nda itera karibiside ya karibiside mumyanya mito ya acide (SCFAs);Turnbaugh n'abandi., 2006).Byongeye kandi, oligosaccharide na polysaccharide zimwe na zimwe zifatwa nka porotiyotike y’inyamaswa, zishobora gukoreshwa mu kuzamura igipimo cya Lactobacillus na Bifidobacterium mu mara (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; M ø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).Hiyongereyeho Oligosaccharide yongerera imbaraga mikorobe yo munda (de Lange et al., 2010).Kugirango ugabanye ikoreshwa rya mikorobe itera imbere mu ngurube, ni ngombwa gushakisha ubundi buryo bwo kugera ku buzima bwiza bw’inyamaswa.Hariho amahirwe yo kongeramo amoko menshi ya karubone yibiryo byingurube.Ibimenyetso byinshi kandi byinshi byerekana ko guhuza neza ibinyamisogwe, NSP na MOS bishobora guteza imbere imikorere yo gukura no kugaburira intungamubiri, kongera umubare wa butyrate itanga za bagiteri, no kunoza metabolisme ya lipide yingurube zonsa ku rugero runaka (Zhou, Chen, et al ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, n'abandi., 2020).Kubwibyo rero, intego yuru rupapuro ni ugusubiramo ubushakashatsi buriho ku ruhare runini rwa karubone mu guteza imbere imikorere n’imikorere y’amara, kugenga mikorobe zo mu nda n’ubuzima bwa metabolike, no gucukumbura karubone y’ingurube.

2. Ibyiciro bya karubone

Carbohydrates yimirire irashobora gushyirwa mubice ukurikije ubunini bwa molekuline, urugero rwa polymerisiyasi (DP), ubwoko bwihuza (a cyangwa b) hamwe nabagize monomor (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Twabibutsa ko ibyiciro nyamukuru bya karubone ya hydrata bishingiye kuri DP yabo, nka monosaccharide cyangwa disaccharide (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharide (DP, 3-9) na polysaccharide (DP, ≥ 10), bigizwe na ibinyamisogwe, NSP na glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Imbonerahamwe 1).Isesengura ryimiti rirakenewe kugirango dusobanukirwe ningaruka zumubiri nubuzima bwa karubone.Hamwe nimiterere yuzuye ya chimique ya karubone, birashoboka kubishyira hamwe ukurikije ubuzima bwabo ningaruka zumubiri ndetse no kubishyira muri gahunda rusange (englyst et al., 2007).Carbohydrates (monosaccharide, disaccharide, hamwe na krahisi nyinshi) zishobora guterwa na enzymes zakira kandi zinjizwa mu mara mato zisobanurwa nka karubone nziza (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Carbohydrates irwanya igogorwa ry amara, cyangwa iyinjizwa nabi na metabolisme, ariko irashobora guteshwa agaciro na fermentation ya mikorobe ifatwa nka karubone nziza, nka NSP nyinshi, oligosaccharide na RS.Mu byingenzi, karibiside irwanya imbaraga isobanurwa nkibidashobora kwangirika cyangwa kudakoreshwa, ariko bitanga ibisobanuro birambuye byerekana ibyiciro bya karubone (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 imikorere yo gukura

Ibinyamisogwe bigizwe nubwoko bubiri bwa polysaccharide.Amylose (AM) ni ubwoko bwa krahisi yumurongo α （1-4) ihuza dextran, amylopectine (AP) ni α （1-4) ihuza dextran, irimo dextran hafi 5% α （1-6) kugirango ikore molekile ishami. (ibizamini n'abandi., 2004).Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwa molekuliyumu nuburyo butandukanye, AP ikungahaye cyane byoroshye kurigogora, mugihe amarike akize ntabwo byoroshye kuyarya (Singh et al., 2010).Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwerekanye ko kugaburira ibinyamisogwe hamwe n’ibipimo bitandukanye bya AM / AP bifite ibisubizo bifatika bifatika ku mikurire y’ingurube (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Kugaburira ibiryo no kugaburira ingurube zonsa byagabanutse kwiyongera kwa AM (regmi et al., 2011).Nyamara, ibimenyetso bigaragara byerekana ko indyo yuzuye am yongera ikigereranyo cyo kunguka buri munsi no kugaburira ingurube zikura (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Byongeye kandi, abahanga bamwe batangaje ko kugaburira ibipimo bitandukanye bya AM / AP bya krahisi bitagize ingaruka ku mikurire y’ingurube zonsa (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), mu gihe indyo yuzuye ya AP yongereye intungamubiri zintungamubiri zonsa. ingurube (Gao n'abandi., 2020A).Fibary fibre ni agace gato k'ibiryo biva mu bimera.Ikibazo gikomeye nuko fibre yimirire ihanitse ikoreshwa nintungamubiri nkeya hamwe ningufu nkeya (noble & Le, 2001).Ibinyuranye, gufata fibre iringaniye ntabwo byagize ingaruka kumikurire yingurube zonsa (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Ingaruka za fibre yintungamubiri mugukoresha intungamubiri nagaciro keza ingufu ziterwa nibiranga fibre, kandi amasoko atandukanye ashobora kuba atandukanye cyane (lndber, 2014).Mu ngurube zonsa, inyongeramusaruro ya fibre yari ifite igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo kuruta kugaburira fibre y'ibigori, soya ya soya na fibre bran fibre (Chen et al., 2014).Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ingurube zonsa zavuwe n'ibigori n'ibigori byerekanaga ingano nziza yo kugaburira no kongera ibiro kurusha abavuwe na soya (Zhao et al., 2018).Igishimishije, nta tandukaniro ryakozwe mubikorwa byo gukura hagati y ingano ya fibre fibre nitsinda rya inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Byongeye kandi, ugereranije ningurube zo mu itsinda rya selile na xylan, inyongera yarushijeho kuba nziza β- Glucan ibangamira imikurire yingurube (Wu et al., 2018).Oligosaccharide nuburemere buke bwa karubone, hagati yisukari na polysaccharide (voragen, 1998).Bafite imiterere yingenzi ya physiologique na physique-chimique, harimo agaciro gake ka calorifique no gutera imbaraga zo gukura kwa bagiteri zifite akamaro, kuburyo zishobora gukoreshwa nka porotiyotike yimirire (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto na mancilha, 2007).Kuzuza chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) birashobora kunoza igogorwa ryintungamubiri, kugabanya indwara zimpiswi no kunoza amara yo mu mara, bityo bikazamura imikorere yimikurire y’ingurube zonsa (Zhou et al., 2012).Byongeye kandi, indyo yuzuye hamwe na cos irashobora kunoza imikorere yimyororokere yimbuto (umubare wingurube nzima) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) hamwe niterambere ryingurube zikura (wontae et al., 2008) .Kuzuza MOS na fructooligosaccharide birashobora kandi kunoza imikorere yo gukura kwingurube (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Izi raporo zerekana ko karubone zitandukanye zifite ingaruka zitandukanye kumikorere yingurube (imbonerahamwe 2a).

3.2 imikorere y'amara

Umubare munini wa am / ap ugereranije urashobora guteza imbere ubuzima bwo munda (tribyrinIrashobora kuyirinda ingurube) mugutezimbere morphologie yo mara no hejuru igenga imikorere y amara ijyanye nimvugo ya gene mukonsa ingurube (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Ikigereranyo cy'uburebure bwa villi n'uburebure bwa villi n'uburebure bwa ileum na jejunum byari hejuru iyo bigaburiwe indyo yuzuye ya am, kandi igipimo cya apoptose yuzuye amara mato cyari gito.Muri icyo gihe kandi, byongereye imvugo yo guhagarika ingirabuzimafatizo muri duodenum na jejunum, mu gihe mu itsinda rya AP ryo hejuru, ibikorwa bya sucrose na maltase muri jejunum y’ingurube zonsa byariyongereye (Gao et al., 2020b).Mu buryo nk'ubwo, imirimo yabanjirije iyi yasanze indyo yuzuye yagabanije pH na AP indyo yuzuye yongereye umubare wa bagiteri muri caecum yingurube zonsa (Gao et al., 2020A).Indyo y'ibiryo ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kigira ingaruka ku mikurire y'amara n'imikorere y'ingurube.Ibimenyetso byakusanyirijwe hamwe byerekana ko fibre yimirire iteza imbere amara yimikorere nimbogamizi yimikorere yingurube zonsa, kandi bikagabanya kwandura impiswi (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber ， 2014 ； Wu et al., 2018).Kubura fibre fibre byongera kwandura virusi kandi bikabangamira imikorere ya barrière ya mucosa colon (Desai et al., 2016), mugihe kugaburira ibiryo bya fibre idashobora gukomera birashobora kwirinda indwara ziterwa na virusi mu kongera uburebure bwa villi mu ngurube (hedemann et al., 2006 ).Ubwoko butandukanye bwa fibre bugira ingaruka zitandukanye kumikorere ya colon na ileum barriere.Ingano ya bran na pea fibre byongera imikorere yinzitizi yo kugenzura imiterere ya gene ya TLR2 no guteza imbere mikorobe zo munda ugereranije nibigori na soya (Chen et al., 2015).Kumara igihe kirekire fibre yamashaza irashobora kugenga metabolisme ijyanye na gene cyangwa proteyine, bityo bikazamura inzitizi yimikorere yumubiri (Che et al., 2014).Inuline mu ndyo irashobora kwirinda guhungabana mu mara mu ngurube zonsa byongera amara (Awad et al., 2013).Birakwiye ko tumenya ko guhuza ibishishwa (inuline) na fibre idashobora guhinduka (selile) bigira akamaro kuruta wenyine, bishobora guteza imbere iyinjizwa ryimirire hamwe ninzitizi yo munda mumikorere y'ingurube zonsa (Chen et al., 2019).Ingaruka ya fibre yimirire kumitsi yo munda biterwa nibigize.Ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwerekanye ko xylan yateje imbere imikorere yinzitizi yo munda, kimwe n’imihindagurikire y’imiterere ya bagiteri na metabolite, kandi glucan yazamuye imikorere y’inzitizi zo mu nda n’ubuzima bw’imitsi, ariko kuzuza selile ntago byagaragaje ingaruka nkizo mu konsa ingurube (Wu et al. , 2018).Oligosaccharide irashobora gukoreshwa nkisoko ya karubone kuri mikorobe mvaruganda yo hejuru aho gusya no gukoreshwa.Kwiyongera kwa Fructose birashobora kongera umubyimba wa mucosa wo munda, umusaruro wa acide butyric, umubare w'uturemangingo twinshi ndetse no gukwirakwiza ingirabuzimafatizo zo mu nda mu ngurube zonsa (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharide irashobora kunoza imikorere yinzitizi yo munda no kugabanya kwangirika kw amara guterwa na rotavirus mu ngurube (Mao et al., 2017).Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye ko cos ishobora guteza imbere cyane imikurire yo mu mara kandi ikongerera cyane imvugo yo guhagarika ingirabuzimafatizo (WAN, Jiang, nibindi) muburyo bwuzuye, ibi byerekana ko ubwoko butandukanye bwa karubone ishobora guteza imbere amara imikorere yingurube (imbonerahamwe 2b).

Incamake n'ibiteganijwe

Carbohydrate nisoko nyamukuru yingurube, igizwe na monosaccharide zitandukanye, disaccharide, oligosaccharide na polysaccharide.Amagambo ashingiye kubiranga physiologique afasha kwibanda kumirimo ishobora kuba yubuzima bwa karubone ndetse no kunoza neza ibyiciro bya karubone.Imiterere itandukanye nubwoko bwa karubone nziza bigira ingaruka zitandukanye mukubungabunga imikorere yo gukura, guteza imbere imikorere y amara nuburinganire bwa mikorobe, no kugenzura lipide na glucose metabolism.Uburyo bushoboka bwo kugenzura karubone ya hydrata ya lipide na glucose metabolism ishingiye kuri metabolite yabo (SCFAs), ihindurwamo na mikorobe yo munda.By'umwihariko, karubone ya hydrata mu ndyo irashobora kugenga glucose metabolism ikoresheje scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY na ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, kandi ikagenga metabolisme ya lipide binyuze muri scfas-gpr43 / 41 na amp / atp-ampk.Byongeye kandi, mugihe ubwoko butandukanye bwa karubone-hydrata iri muburyo bwiza, imikorere yo gukura nibikorwa byubuzima bwingurube birashobora kunozwa.

Birakwiye ko tumenya ko imikorere ishobora kuba ya karubone ya hydrata muri proteyine na gene imvugo no kugenzura metabolike izavumburwa hakoreshejwe proteomics, genomics hamwe na metabonomics.Icya nyuma ariko ntabwo ari gito, isuzuma rya karubone nziza itandukanye nibisabwa kugirango umuntu yige ibiryo bitandukanye bya karubone mu musaruro w'ingurube.

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