Ndemanga

Kupita patsogolo kwakukulu kwa kafukufuku wama carbohydrate muzakudya za nkhumba ndi thanzi ndikugawa bwino kwambiri kwamafuta, omwe samatengera kapangidwe kake kamankhwala, komanso kutengera mawonekedwe ake.Kuphatikiza pa kukhala gwero lalikulu lamphamvu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya zama carbohydrate ndizopindulitsa pazakudya komanso ntchito zaumoyo wa nkhumba.Amagwira nawo ntchito yolimbikitsa kukula ndi matumbo a nkhumba, kuyendetsa matumbo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndikuwongolera kagayidwe ka lipids ndi shuga.Njira yayikulu yama carbohydrate ndikudutsa ma metabolites ake (ma chain chain mafuta acids [SCFAs]) komanso makamaka kudzera mu scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk ndi scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK njira zowongolera mafuta ndi glucose metabolism.Kafukufuku watsopano wawunika kuphatikiza koyenera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kapangidwe kazakudya, komwe kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwakukula ndi kugayidwa kwa michere, kulimbikitsa ntchito yamatumbo, ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya otulutsa butyrate mu nkhumba.Ponseponse, umboni wotsimikizirika umagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti ma carbohydrate amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazakudya komanso thanzi la nkhumba.Kuphatikiza apo, kutsimikiza kwa kapangidwe kazakudya kazakudya kudzakhala ndi phindu laukadaulo komanso lothandiza pakukula kwaukadaulo wama carbohydrate mu nkhumba.

1. Mawu Oyamba

Ma polymeric carbohydrates, starch and non starch polysaccharides (NSP) ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu za zakudya komanso magwero amphamvu a nkhumba, zomwe zimawerengera 60% - 70% ya mphamvu zonse zomwe zimadya (Bach Knudsen).Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso kapangidwe kazakudya ndizovuta kwambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa nkhumba.Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu awonetsa kuti kudyetsa ndi wowuma wokhala ndi ma amylose osiyanasiyana mpaka amylose (AM / AP) kumakhala ndi mayankho omveka bwino pakukula kwa nkhumba (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Zakudya zopatsa thanzi, zopangidwa makamaka ndi NSP, zimakhulupirira kuti zimachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito michere komanso mphamvu zonse zanyama zamtundu umodzi (NOBLET ndi le, 2001).Komabe, kudya kwa fiber sikunakhudze kukula kwa ana a nkhumba (Han & Lee, 2005).Umboni wochulukirachulukira ukuwonetsa kuti ulusi wazakudya umathandizira kachitidwe ka matumbo komanso zotchinga za ana a nkhumba, komanso amachepetsa kutsekula m'mimba (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuphunzira momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino ma carbohydrates muzakudya, makamaka chakudya chokhala ndi fiber.Kapangidwe kake ndi kachitidwe kachakudya kazakudya komanso magwiridwe antchito aumoyo wa nkhumba ziyenera kufotokozedwa ndikuganiziridwa muzakudya.NSP ndi wowuma wosagayika (RS) ndi ma carbohydrates omwe sagayidwa (wey et al., 2011), pomwe matumbo a microbiota amayatsa ma carbohydrate osagayidwa kukhala ma chain chain fatty acids (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Kuphatikiza apo, oligosaccharides ena ndi ma polysaccharides amawonedwa ngati ma probiotics a nyama, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa Lactobacillus ndi Bifidobacterium m'matumbo (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).Oligosaccharide supplementation yanenedwa kuti imapangitsa kuti matumbo a microbiota apangidwe (de Lange et al., 2010).Pofuna kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanga nkhumba, ndikofunika kupeza njira zina zopezera thanzi labwino la ziweto.Pali mwayi wowonjezera mitundu yambiri yama carbohydrate ku chakudya cha nkhumba.Umboni wochulukirachulukira ukuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza koyenera kwa wowuma, NSP ndi MOS kumatha kulimbikitsa kukula komanso kugayidwa kwa michere, kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya otulutsa butyrate, ndikuwongolera kagayidwe ka lipid ka nkhumba zoletsedwa mpaka pamlingo wina (Zhou, Chen, et al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha pepalali ndikuwunikanso kafukufuku wapano wokhudza gawo lalikulu lazakudya zama carbohydrate polimbikitsa kukula kwa matumbo ndi matumbo, kuyang'anira matumbo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso thanzi la kagayidwe kachakudya, ndikuwunika kuphatikiza kwa carbohydrate kwa nkhumba.

2. Gulu la chakudya

Zakudya zama carbohydrate zimatha kugawidwa molingana ndi kukula kwa maselo, digiri ya polymerization (DP), mtundu wolumikizana (a kapena b) komanso kapangidwe ka ma monomers amodzi (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti gulu lalikulu lazakudya limachokera ku DP yawo, monga monosaccharides kapena disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) ndi polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), omwe amapangidwa ndi wowuma, NSP ndi glycosidic bond (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et al., 2007; Table 1).Kusanthula kwamankhwala ndikofunikira kuti mumvetsetse momwe thupi limakhalira komanso thanzi lazakudya.Pokhala ndi chidziwitso chokwanira chamankhwala chamafuta, ndizotheka kuwayika m'magulu molingana ndi thanzi lawo komanso momwe thupi lawo limakhudzira thupi ndikuphatikiza nawo mu dongosolo lonse lamagulu (englyst et al., 2007).Zakudya zama carbohydrate (monosaccharides, disaccharides, ndi starches ambiri) omwe amatha kugayidwa ndi ma enzyme omwe amalowetsedwa m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono amatanthauzidwa kuti ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi kapena chopezeka (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Zakudya zam'mimba zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi matumbo a m'mimba, kapena osagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino komanso opangidwa ndi ma metabolized, koma amatha kuchepetsedwa ndi kuyamwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amaonedwa kuti ndi zakudya zopanda mphamvu, monga NSP zambiri, oligosaccharides indigestible ndi RS.Kwenikweni, ma carbohydrate osagwira ntchito amatanthauzidwa ngati osagawika kapena osagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma amapereka kufotokozera momveka bwino za kagawidwe kazakudya (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 kukula kwa ntchito

Wowuma amapangidwa ndi mitundu iwiri ya polysaccharides.Amylose (AM) ndi mtundu wa mzere wowuma α (1-4) wolumikizidwa dextran, amylopectin (AP) ndi α (1-4) wolumikizidwa dextran, wokhala ndi pafupifupi 5% dextran α (1-6) kupanga molekyulu ya nthambi. (Tester et al., 2004).Chifukwa cha masanjidwe ndi mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, zowuma zolemera za AP ndizosavuta kugaya, pomwe zowuma zolemera sizosavuta kugaya (Singh et al., 2010).Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu awonetsa kuti kudyetsa wowuma mosiyanasiyana kwa AM / AP kumakhala ndi mayankho ofunikira pakukula kwa nkhumba (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Kudya ndi kudyetsa bwino kwa nkhumba zoletsedwa kunachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa AM (regmi et al., 2011).Komabe, umboni womwe ukubwera ukunena kuti zakudya zopatsa thanzi zimachulukitsa phindu latsiku ndi tsiku komanso kudyetsa bwino kwa nkhumba zomwe zikukula (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Kuphatikiza apo, asayansi ena adanenanso kuti kudyetsa mitundu yosiyana ya AM / AP ya wowuma sikunakhudze kukula kwa ana a nkhumba oyamwa (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), pomwe zakudya zapamwamba za AP zimachulukitsa kugaya kwam'mimba kwa ana oyamwa. nkhumba (Gao et al., 2020A).Ulusi wazakudya ndi gawo laling'ono lazakudya lomwe limachokera ku zomera.Vuto lalikulu ndilakuti ulusi wambiri wazakudya umalumikizidwa ndi kutsika kwa michere komanso kutsika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu (noble & Le, 2001).M'malo mwake, kudya kwa fiber pang'ono sikunakhudze kukula kwa nkhumba zoletsedwa (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Zotsatira za ulusi wazakudya pakugwiritsa ntchito michere komanso mphamvu zochulukirapo zimakhudzidwa ndi mawonekedwe a ulusi, ndipo magwero osiyanasiyana a ulusi amatha kukhala osiyana kwambiri (lndber, 2014).Mu nkhumba zosiya kuyamwa, kuphatikizika ndi ulusi wa nandolo kunali ndi chiwongola dzanja chambiri kuposa kudyetsa ulusi wa chimanga, ulusi wa soya ndi ulusi wa tirigu (Chen et al., 2014).Momwemonso, ana a nkhumba oyamwa omwe amathandizidwa ndi chimanga cha chimanga ndi chinangwa cha tirigu adawonetsa kudya bwino komanso kulemera kwake kuposa omwe amathandizidwa ndi soya (Zhao et al., 2018).Chosangalatsa ndichakuti panalibe kusiyana pakukula pakati pa gulu la tirigu wa tirigu ndi gulu la inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Kuphatikiza apo, poyerekeza ndi ana a nkhumba omwe ali mu gulu la cellulose ndi gulu la xylan, chowonjezeracho chinali chothandiza kwambiri β-Glucan imalepheretsa kukula kwa ana a nkhumba (Wu et al., 2018).Oligosaccharides ndi ma carbohydrate otsika kwambiri, apakati pakati pa shuga ndi ma polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Iwo ali ndi zofunikira pazathupi ndi physicochemical properties, kuphatikizapo otsika calorific mtengo ndi kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya opindulitsa, kotero iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zakudya probiotics (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto ndi mancilha, 2007).Kuphatikizika kwa chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kumatha kuwongolera kagayidwe kazakudya, kuchepetsa kutsekula m'mimba ndikuwongolera matumbo am'mimba, motero kumapangitsa kukula kwa nkhumba zoletsedwa (Zhou et al., 2012).Kuphatikiza apo, zakudya zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi cos zimatha kupititsa patsogolo kubereka kwa nkhumba (kuchuluka kwa ana a nkhumba) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) ndi kukula kwa nkhumba zomwe zikukula (wontae et al., 2008) .Kuphatikizika kwa MOS ndi fructooligosaccharide kungathandizenso kukula kwa nkhumba (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Malipoti awa akuwonetsa kuti ma carbohydrate osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pakukula kwa nkhumba (tebulo 2a).

3.2 ntchito ya m'mimba

Wowuma wambiri wa am/ap amatha kusintha thanzi lamatumbo (tribyrinikhoza kuiteteza ku nkhumba) polimbikitsa matumbo am'mimba ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito amatumbo okhudzana ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa nkhumba zosiya kuyamwa (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Chiyerekezo cha kutalika kwa villi mpaka kutalika kwa villi ndi kuya kwa kuya kwa ileamu ndi jejunum kunali kokulirapo atadyetsedwa ndi chakudya chapamwamba cha am, ndipo kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa matumbo aang'ono kunali kochepa.Nthawi yomweyo, idakulitsanso mawu otsekereza majini mu duodenum ndi jejunum, pomwe pagulu lapamwamba la AP, ntchito za sucrose ndi maltase mu jejunum wa nkhumba zoletsedwa zidawonjezeka (Gao et al., 2020b).Momwemonso, ntchito yam'mbuyomu idapeza kuti zakudya zonenepa zochepetsa pH ndi zakudya za AP zidachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya mu caecum ya nkhumba zosiya kuyamwa (Gao et al., 2020A).Zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndizofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa matumbo ndi ntchito ya nkhumba.Umboni womwe wapezeka ukuwonetsa kuti ulusi wazakudya umapangitsa kuti matumbo asamayende bwino komanso zotchinga za nkhumba zosiya kuyamwa, komanso zimachepetsa kutsekula m'mimba (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Kuperewera kwa fiber m'zakudya kumawonjezera kutengeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikusokoneza ntchito yotchinga ya colon mucosa (Desai et al., 2016), pomwe kudyetsa zakudya zosasungunuka kwambiri kumatha kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda powonjezera kutalika kwa villi mu nkhumba (hedemann et al., 2006) ).Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ulusi imakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pa ntchito ya colon ndi ileum chotchinga.Ulusi wa tirigu ndi nandolo umathandizira ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo mwa kuwongolera mawonekedwe amtundu wa TLR2 ndikuwongolera matumbo a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda poyerekeza ndi chimanga ndi ulusi wa soya (Chen et al., 2015).Kudya kwa nthawi yayitali kwa nandolo kumatha kuwongolera kagayidwe kake ka jini kapena mapuloteni, potero kumathandizira zotchinga zam'matumbo komanso chitetezo chamthupi (Che et al., 2014).Inulin muzakudya imatha kupewa kusokonezeka kwa matumbo mwa ana a nkhumba oyamwa pakuwonjezera matumbo am'mimba (Awad et al., 2013).Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kuphatikiza kwa sungunuka (inulin) ndi ulusi wosasungunuka (ma cellulose) ndiwothandiza kwambiri kuposa okha, omwe amatha kupititsa patsogolo kuyamwa kwazakudya komanso zotchinga m'matumbo mu nkhumba zosiya kuyamwa (Chen et al., 2019).Zotsatira za zakudya CHIKWANGWANI pa matumbo mucosa zimadalira zigawo zikuluzikulu.Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adapeza kuti xylan imalimbikitsa ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo, komanso kusintha kwa mabakiteriya ndi metabolites, ndipo glucan imalimbikitsa ntchito yotchinga m'matumbo komanso thanzi la mucosal, koma kuphatikizika kwa cellulose sikunawonetse zotsatira zofananira pakuyamwitsa nkhumba (Wu et al. , 2018).Oligosaccharides atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati magwero a kaboni a tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono m'matumbo m'malo mopukutidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Fructose supplementation imatha kuonjezera matumbo a mucosa makulidwe, kupanga butyric acid, kuchuluka kwa maselo ochulukirapo komanso kuchuluka kwa maselo am'mimba a epithelial mu nkhumba zoletsedwa (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharides amatha kupititsa patsogolo ntchito yotchinga matumbo ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa matumbo chifukwa cha rotavirus mu nkhumba (Mao et al., 2017).Kuonjezera apo, zapezeka kuti cos ikhoza kulimbikitsa kukula kwa matumbo a m'mimba ndikuwonjezera kwambiri mawu oletsa majini mu nkhumba za nkhumba (WAN, Jiang, et al. m'njira zambiri, izi zimasonyeza kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chakudya imatha kusintha matumbo. ntchito ya ana a nkhumba (tebulo 2b).

Chidule ndi Chiyembekezo

Zakudya zama carbohydrate ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu la nkhumba, lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma monosaccharides osiyanasiyana, ma disaccharides, oligosaccharides ndi ma polysaccharides.Mawu otengera momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito amathandizira kuyang'ana kwambiri ntchito zomwe zingachitike pazaumoyo zama carbohydrate ndikuwongolera kulondola kwamagulu amafuta.Mapangidwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya zimakhala ndi zotsatira zosiyana pakukula kwakukula, kulimbikitsa ntchito ya m'mimba komanso kukhazikika kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, ndikuwongolera lipid ndi glucose metabolism.Njira yotheka yoyendetsera kagayidwe ka lipid ndi glucose metabolism imatengera ma metabolites awo (SCFAs), omwe amafufutidwa ndi matumbo a microbiota.Makamaka, ma carbohydrate muzakudya amatha kuwongolera kagayidwe ka shuga kudzera mu scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY ndi ampk-g6pase / PEPCK njira, ndikuwongolera lipid metabolism kudzera scfas-gpr43 / 41 ndi amp / atp-ampk njira.Kuonjezera apo, pamene mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma carbohydrates ili yosakanikirana bwino, kukula kwa kukula ndi thanzi la nkhumba zikhoza kukhala bwino.

Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti ntchito zomwe zitha kuchitika zama carbohydrate mu mapuloteni ndi ma jini komanso kuwongolera kagayidwe kazakudya zidzadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito njira zama proteinomics, genomics ndi metabonomics.Pomaliza, kuwunika kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yama carbohydrate ndikofunikira kuti tiphunzire zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya zama carbohydrate pakupanga nkhumba.

Source: Nyuzipepala ya Sayansi Yanyama