Kakaretso

Khatelo-pele e kholo ka ho fetisisa ea lipatlisiso tsa lik'habohaedreite ka phepo ea likolobe le bophelo bo botle ke sehlopha se hlakileng haholoanyane sa lik'habohaedreite, tse sa thehiloeng feela ho sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale, empa hape se itšetlehile ka litšobotsi tsa eona tsa 'mele.Ntle le ho ba mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla, mefuta e fapaneng le likarolo tsa lik'habohaedreite li molemo ho phepo le mesebetsi ea bophelo bo botle ba likolobe.Li kenya letsoho ho khothaletseng ts'ebetso ea kholo le ts'ebetso ea mala a likolobe, ho laola sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa mala, le ho laola metabolism ea lipids le glucose.Mokhoa oa mantlha oa lik'habohaedreite ke ka metabolites ea eona (ketane e khuts'oane ea mafura a acid [SCFAs]) mme haholoholo ka scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk le scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK litsela tsa ho laola mafura le metabolism ea glucose.Liphuputso tse ncha li hlahlobile motsoako o nepahetseng oa mefuta e fapaneng le mekhoa ea lik'habohaedreite, e ka ntlafatsang ts'ebetso ea kholo le phepo ea limatlafatsi, ho khothalletsa tšebetso ea mala, le ho eketsa bongata ba libaktheria tse hlahisang butyrate likolobe.Ka kakaretso, bopaki bo matla bo tšehetsa maikutlo a hore lik'habohaedreite li bapala karolo ea bohlokoa mesebetsing ea phepo le bophelo bo botle ba likolobe.Ho phaella moo, boikemisetso ba sebopeho sa lik'habohaedreite bo tla ba le bohlokoa ba theory le bo sebetsang bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea theknoloji ea ho leka-lekana ha lik'habohaedreite likolobe.

1. Selelekela

Polymeric carbohydrates, starch le non starch polysaccharides (NSP) ke likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa lijo le mehloli e meholo ea matla ea likolobe, e leng karolo ea 60% - 70% ea kakaretso ea matla a sebelisoang (Bach Knudsen).Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mefuta e fapa-fapaneng le sebopeho sa lik'habohaedreite li rarahane haholo, tse nang le liphello tse fapaneng ho likolobe.Liphuputso tse fetileng li bonts'itse hore ho fepa ka starch ka karolelano ea amylose ho amylose (AM / AP) ho na le karabelo e hlakileng ea 'mele ho ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Fiber ea lijo, haholo-holo e entsoeng ka NSP, ho lumeloa hore e fokotsa tšebeliso ea limatlafatsi le boleng ba matla a liphoofolo tse nang le monogastric (NOBLET le le, 2001).Leha ho le joalo, ho ja fiber ha hoa ka ha ama ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Han & Lee, 2005).Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore fiber ea lijo e ntlafatsa morphology ea mala le thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea likolobe, 'me e fokotsa sekhahla sa letšollo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Ka hona, ho potlakile ho ithuta mokhoa oa ho sebelisa lik'habohaedreite tse rarahaneng lijong, haholo-holo lijo tse nang le fiber e ngata.Litšobotsi tsa sebopeho le taxonomic tsa lik'habohaedreite le mesebetsi ea tsona ea phepo e nepahetseng le bophelo bo botle bakeng sa likolobe li tlameha ho hlalosoa le ho nkoa ka mokhoa oa ho fepa.NSP le setache sa resistant (RS) ke tsona lik'habohaedreite tse ka sehloohong tse sa siloeng (wey et al., 2011), athe mala a microbiota a belisa lik'habohaedreite tse sa cheheng ka har'a ketane e khuts'oane ea mafura acid (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Ho phaella moo, li-oligosaccharides tse ling le li-polysaccharides li nkoa e le li-probiotics tsa liphoofolo, tse ka sebelisoang ho susumetsa karolo ea Lactobacillus le Bifidobacterium ka maleng (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).Ho tlalehoa hore oligosaccharide supplementation e ntlafatsa sebopeho sa intestinal microbiota (de Lange et al., 2010).E le ho fokotsa ts'ebeliso ea li-antimicrobial tse khothalletsang kholo ea tlhahiso ea likolobe, ho bohlokoa ho fumana litsela tse ling tsa ho finyella bophelo bo botle ba liphoofolo.Ho na le monyetla oa ho eketsa mefuta e mengata ea lik'habohaedreite lijong tsa likolobe.Bopaki bo ntseng bo eketseha bo bontša hore motsoako o nepahetseng oa starch, NSP le MOS li ka khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea kholo le phepo ea limatlafatsi, ho eketsa palo ea libaktheria tse hlahisang butyrate, le ho ntlafatsa metabolism ea lipid ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ho isa tekanyong e itseng (Zhou, Chen, et al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).Ka hona, sepheo sa pampiri ena ke ho hlahloba lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao mabapi le karolo ea bohlokoa ea lik'habohaedreite ho khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea kholo le mala, ho laola sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa mala le bophelo bo botle ba metabolism, le ho hlahloba motsoako oa lik'habohaedreite tsa likolobe.

2. Sehlopha sa lik'habohaedreite

Lik'habohaedreite tsa lijo li ka aroloa ho ea ka boholo ba limolek'hule, tekanyo ea polymerization (DP), mofuta oa khokahanyo (a kapa b) le sebopeho sa monomers ka bomong (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore lihlopha tse ka sehloohong tsa lik'habohaedreite li thehiloe ho DP ea bona, tse kang monosaccharides kapa disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) le polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), tse entsoeng ka starch, NSP le litlamo tsa glycosidic (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Letlapa la 1).Ho hlokahala tlhahlobo ea lik'hemik'hale ho utloisisa litlamorao tsa 'mele le bophelo bo botle ba lik'habohaedreite.Ka ho tsebahatsa lik'hemik'hale tse ngata tsa lik'habohaedreite, hoa khoneha ho li arola ho ea ka liphello tsa bophelo bo botle le 'mele le ho li kenyelletsa moralong oa kakaretso oa lihlopha (englyst et al., 2007).Lik'habohaedreite (monosaccharides, disaccharides, le starch tse ngata) tse ka chekoang ke li-enzyme tse amohelang 'me tsa kenngoa ka maleng a manyane li hlalosoa e le lik'habohaedreite tse chekang kapa tse fumanehang (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Lik'habohaedreite tse hanyetsanang le tšilo ea mala, kapa tse sa monyeng hantle le ho sebelisoa ka metabolized, empa li ka senyeha ka ho belisoa ha likokoana-hloko li nkoa e le lik'habohaedreite tse hanyetsanang, tse kang boholo ba NSP, li-oligosaccharides tse sa tsitsang le RS.Ha e le hantle, lik'habohaedreite tse hanyetsanang li hlalosoa e le tse sa tsitsang kapa tse ke keng tsa sebelisoa, empa li fana ka tlhaloso e batlang e nepahetse ea lihlopha tsa lik'habohaedreite (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 ts'ebetso ea kholo

Starch e entsoe ka mefuta e 'meli ea polysaccharides.Amylose (AM) ke mofuta oa linear starch α (1-4) e hokahantsoeng dextran, amylopectin (AP) ke α（ 1-4) e hokahantsoeng dextran, e nang le hoo e ka bang 5% dextran α (1-6) ho etsa molek'hule ea makala. (tester et al., 2004).Ka lebaka la meralo le meaho e fapaneng ea limolek'hule, li-starche tse ruileng tsa AP li bonolo ho cheka, athe am rich starch ha ho bonolo ho cheka (Singh et al., 2010).Liphuputso tse fetileng li bonts'itse hore ho fepa ka starch ka litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa AM / AP ho na le likarabelo tsa bohlokoa tsa 'mele ho kholo ea likolobe (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Ho ja lijo le ho fepa likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ho fokotsehile ka keketseho ea AM (regmi et al., 2011).Leha ho le joalo, bopaki bo hlahang bo tlaleha hore lijo tse nang le maemo a holimo li eketsa phaello e tloaelehileng ea letsatsi le letsatsi le phepo e nepahetseng ea likolobe tse ntseng li hola (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Ntle le moo, bo-ramahlale ba bang ba tlaleha hore ho fepa litekanyo tse fapaneng tsa AM / AP tsa starch ha hoa ama ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), athe lijo tse phahameng tsa AP li ile tsa eketsa tšilo ea limatlafatsi ea khoesitsoe. likolobe (Gao et al., 2020A).Dietary fiber ke karolo e nyenyane ea lijo tse tsoang limela.Bothata bo boholo ke hore fiber e phahameng ea lijo e amahanngoa le tšebeliso e tlase ea limatlafatsi le boleng bo tlase ba matla (noble & Le, 2001).Ho fapana le hoo, ho ja fiber e itekanetseng ha hoa ka ha ama ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Liphello tsa fiber ea lijo mabapi le tšebeliso ea limatlafatsi le boleng ba matla a marang-rang li angoa ke litšobotsi tsa fiber, 'me mehloli e fapaneng ea fiber e ka fapana haholo (lndber, 2014).Likolobeng tse khoesitsoeng, tlatsetso ka fiber ea pea e ne e e-na le sekhahla se phahameng sa phepelo ea phepelo ho feta ho fepa fiber ea poone, soya le fiber ea koro ea koro (Chen et al., 2014).Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, likolobe tse khoesitsoeng tse tšoaroang ka mokoallo oa poone le koro ea koro li bonts'itse katleho e phahameng ea phepelo le boima ba 'mele ho feta tse tšoaroang ka sekoahelo sa soya (Zhao et al., 2018).Ho khahlisang, ho ne ho se na phapang ts'ebetsong ea kholo lipakeng tsa sehlopha sa fiber ea bran ea koro le sehlopha sa inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Ho phaella moo, ha ho bapisoa le li-piglets tsa sehlopha sa cellulose le sehlopha sa xylan, tlatsetso e ne e atleha haholoanyane β-Glucan e senya ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Wu et al., 2018).Li-oligosaccharides ke lik'habohaedreite tse boima ba molek'hule, tse lipakeng tsa tsoekere le polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Li na le thepa ea bohlokoa ea 'mele le ea physicochemical, ho kenyelletsa le boleng bo tlase ba calorific le ho susumetsa kholo ea libaktheria tse molemo, kahoo li ka sebelisoa e le li-probiotics tsa lijo (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto le mancilha, 2007).Ho eketsoa ha chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) ho ka ntlafatsa tšilo ea limatlafatsi, ho fokotsa sekhahla sa letšollo le ho ntlafatsa morphology ea mala, ka hona ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Zhou et al., 2012).Ho phaella moo, lijo tse tlatsitsoeng ka cos li ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa (palo ea likolobe tse phelang) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) le ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe tse ntseng li hōla (wontae et al., 2008) .Tlatsetso ea MOS le fructooligosaccharide e ka boela ea ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea kholo ea likolobe (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Litlaleho tsena li bontša hore lik'habohaedreite tse fapa-fapaneng li na le liphello tse fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea kholo ea likolobe (tafole 2a).

3.2 tšebetso ea mala

High am/ap ratio starch e ka ntlafatsa bophelo bo botle ba mala (tribyrine ka e sireletsa bakeng sa kolobe) ka ho khothaletsa morphology ea mala le ho laola tšebetso ea mala e amanang le polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho likolobe tse khoesoang (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Karo-karolelano ea bophahamo ba villi le bophahamo ba villi le botebo ba ho phomola ha ileum le jejunum e ne e phahame ha e feptjoa ka lijo tse phahameng tsa am, 'me kakaretso ea apoptosis ea mala a manyane e ne e le tlase.Ka nako e ts'oanang, e boetse e ekelitse polelo ea ho thibela liphatsa tsa lefutso ka duodenum le jejunum, ha sehlopheng se phahameng sa AP, mesebetsi ea sucrose le maltase ho jejunum ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng e ile ea eketseha (Gao et al., 2020b).Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, mosebetsi o fetileng o fumane hore lijo tse nang le phepo e ntle li fokolitse pH le lijo tse ruileng tsa AP li ekelitse palo eohle ea libaktheria ka har'a caecum ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Gao et al., 2020A).Dietary fiber ke karolo ya bohlokwa e amang ntshetsopele ya mala le tshebetso ya dikolobe.Bopaki bo bokelletsoeng bo bontša hore fiber ea lijo e ntlafatsa morphology ea mala le thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea likolobe tse khoesitsoeng, hape e fokotsa sekhahla sa letšollo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Ho haella ha fiber ea lijo ho eketsa ts'oaetso ea likokoana-hloko le ho senya ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea colon mucosa (Desai et al., 2016), ha ho fepa ka lijo tse nang le fiber e ngata haholo ho ka thibela likokoana-hloko ka ho eketsa bolelele ba villi likolobe (hedemann et al., 2006) ).Mefuta e fapaneng ea likhoele e na le litlamorao tse fapaneng ts'ebetsong ea tšitiso ea colon le ileum.Mabele a koro le likhoele tsa pea li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala ka ho laola polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa TLR2 le ho ntlafatsa sechaba sa likokoana-hloko tsa mala ha se bapisoa le likhoele tsa poone le soya (Chen et al., 2015).Ho kenngoa ha fiber ka nako e telele ho ka laola metabolism e amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso kapa protheine, ka tsela eo ho ntlafatsa mokoallo oa colon le ts'ebetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung (Che et al., 2014).Inulin ka lijong e ka qoba tšitiso ea mala ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng ka ho eketsa matla a mala (Awad et al., 2013).Ho bohlokoa ho hlokomela hore motsoako oa soluble (inulin) le fiber e sa khoneheng (selulose) e sebetsa ho feta e le 'ngoe, e ka ntlafatsang ho monya ha phepo e nepahetseng le ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala ho likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Chen et al., 2019).Phello ea fiber ea lijo ho mucosa ea mala e itšetlehile ka likarolo tsa bona.Phuputso e fetileng e fumane hore xylan e khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala, hammoho le liphetoho tsa baktheria spectrum le metabolites, 'me glucan e khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala le bophelo bo botle ba mucosal, empa tlatsetso ea cellulose ha ea ka ea bontša liphello tse tšoanang ho likolobe tse khoesoang (Wu et al. , 2018).Li-oligosaccharides li ka sebelisoa e le mehloli ea khabone bakeng sa likokoana-hloko tse ka maleng a ka holimo ho e-na le ho cheka le ho sebelisoa.Fructose supplementation e ka eketsa botenya ba intestinal mucosa, tlhahiso ea butyric acid, palo ea lisele tse fokolang le ho ata ha lisele tsa mala epithelial likolobe tse khoesitsoeng (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharides e ka ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea mala le ho fokotsa tšenyo ea mala e bakoang ke rotavirus ka likolobe tsa likolobe (Mao et al., 2017).Ho phaella moo, ho fumanoe hore cos e ka khothalletsa haholo kholo ea intestinal mucosa le ho eketsa haholo polelo ea ho thibela liphatsa tsa lefutso ho likolobe (WAN, Jiang, et al. ka mokhoa o pharaletseng, tsena li bontša hore mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lik'habohaedreite e ka ntlafatsa mala. mosebetsi oa likolobe (tafole 2b).

Kakaretso le Tebello

Li-carbohydrate ke mohloli o ka sehloohong oa matla oa likolobe, tse entsoeng ka li-monosaccharides tse sa tšoaneng, li-disaccharides, oligosaccharides le polysaccharides.Melao e thehiloeng ho litšobotsi tsa 'mele e thusa ho tsepamisa maikutlo mesebetsing e ka bang teng ea bophelo bo botle ba lik'habohaedreite le ho ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha likarolo tsa lik'habohaedreite.Mehaho le mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea lik'habohaedreite li na le liphello tse fapaneng ho boloka ts'ebetso ea khōlo, ho khothalletsa ts'ebetso ea mala le ho leka-lekana ha likokoana-hloko, le ho laola metabolism ea lipid le glucose.Mokhoa o ka bang teng oa taolo ea carbohydrate ea lipid le glucose metabolism e ipapisitse le metabolite ea bona (SCFAs), e belisoang ke mala a microbiota.Haholo-holo, lik'habohaedreite lijong li ka laola metabolism ea tsoekere ka scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY le ampk-g6pase / PEPCK litsela, le ho laola lipid metabolism ka scfas-gpr43 / 41 le litsela tsa amp / atp-ampk.Ho phaella moo, ha mefuta e fapaneng ea lik'habohaedreite e le motsoako o motle ka ho fetisisa, ts'ebetso ea kholo le bophelo bo botle ba likolobe li ka ntlafatsoa.

Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore mesebetsi e ka bang teng ea lik'habohaedreite ka har'a protheine le gene expression le taolo ea metabolism e tla fumanoa ka ho sebelisa mekhoa e phahameng ea ts'ebetso ea proteomics, genomics le metabonomics.Qetellong, tlhahlobo ea metsoako e fapaneng ea lik'habohaedreite ke ntho e hlokahalang bakeng sa boithuto ba mefuta e fapaneng ea lijo tsa lik'habohaedreite tlhahisong ea likolobe.

Mohloli: Journal ea Saense ea Liphoofolo