Abstract

Kufambira mberi kukuru kwekutsvagisa makhahydrates mukudya kwenguruve uye hutano ndiyo yakanyanya kujeka kupatsanurwa kwemakhahydrates, ayo asina kungobva pane ayo emakemikari chimiro, asi zvakare zvichienderana neayo maitiro emuviri.Pamusoro pekuve iyo huru sosi yesimba, marudzi akasiyana uye zvimiro zvemakhahydrates zvinobatsira kune zvinovaka muviri uye hutano mabasa enguruve.Ivo vanobatanidzwa mukusimudzira kukura kwekuita uye intestinal basa renguruve, kugadzirisa intestinal microbial community, nekugadzirisa metabolism ye lipids uye glucose.Iyo yakakosha magadzirirwo emakabhohaidhiretsi iri kuburikidza neayo metabolites (short chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) uye kunyanya kuburikidza nescfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk uye scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK nzira dzekudzora mafuta uye glucose metabolism.Zvidzidzo zvitsva zvakaongorora kusanganiswa kwakakwana kwemhando dzakasiyana-siyana uye zvimiro zvemakhahydrates, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza kushanda kwekukura uye kudya kunovaka muviri, kukurudzira kushanda kwematumbo, uye kuwedzera kuwanda kwebutyrate inobudisa mabhakitiriya munguruve.Pakazara, humbowo hunogutsa hunotsigira maonero ekuti macarbohydrates anoita basa rakakosha mukudya uye hutano mabasa enguruve.Uye zvakare, kutsunga kwekuumbwa kwekabhohaidhireti kuchave ne theoretical uye inoshanda kukosha kwekuvandudza carbohydrate balance tekinoroji munguruve.

1. Nhanganyaya

Mapolymeric carbohydrates, starch uye non starch polysaccharides (NSP) ndiwo akakosha ekudya uye matsime emagetsi enguruve, anoverengera 60% - 70% yehuwandu hwesimba rekutora (Bach Knudsen).Zvakakosha kuziva kuti zvakasiyana-siyana uye chimiro chemakhahydrates akaoma zvikuru, ane maitiro akasiyana-siyana panguruve.Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaratidza kuti kudyisa ne starch ine akasiyana amylose kune amylose (AM / AP) reshiyo ine pachena mhinduro yemuviri pakukura kwenguruve (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Dietary fiber, inonyanya kuumbwa neNSP, inotendwa kuderedza kushandiswa kwekudya uye net simba kukosha kwemhuka dzemonogastric (NOBLET uye le, 2001).Nekudaro, kudya kwefiber kudya hakuna kukanganisa kukura kwenguruve (Han & Lee, 2005).Humbowo huzhinji hunoratidza kuti fiber yekudya inovandudza intestinal morphology uye chipingamupinyi basa renguruve, uye inoderedza kuitika kwemanyoka (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Naizvozvo, zvinokasira kudzidza kuti ungashandisa sei zvinobudirira macarbohydrates mukudya, kunyanya chikafu chakapfuma mufiber.Mamiriro uye taxonomic maitiro emakabhohaidhiretsi uye hutano hwavo uye hutano mabasa enguruve anofanirwa kutsanangurwa uye kutariswa mukugadzira chikafu.NSP neresistant starch (RS) ndiwo macarbohydrates makuru asingagayike (wey et al., 2011), nepo intestinal microbiota ichivirisa macarbohydrates asingagaye kuita mapfupi cheni fatty acids (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Mukuwedzera, mamwe oligosaccharides uye polysaccharides anoonekwa seprobiotics yemhuka, iyo inogona kushandiswa kukurudzira chikamu cheLactobacillus uye Bifidobacterium mumatumbo (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).Oligosaccharide supplementation yakashumwa kuti ivandudze kuumbwa kwemukati microbiota (de Lange et al., 2010).Kuti kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya kukura mukugadzirwa kwenguruve, zvakakosha kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekuwana hutano hwakanaka hwemhuka.Pane mukana wekuwedzera mamwe akasiyana-siyana emakhahydrates kune yenguruve chikafu.Humbowo huzhinji hunoratidza kuti kusanganisa kwakaringana kwe starch, NSP neMOS kunogona kukurudzira kukura kwekuita uye kugaya chikafu, kuwedzera huwandu hwebutyrate inoburitsa mabhakitiriya, uye kugadzirisa lipid metabolism yenguruve dzakarumurwa kusvika pamwero wakati (Zhou, Chen, et al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).Nokudaro, chinangwa chepepa rino ndechekuongorora tsvakurudzo yezvino pamusoro pebasa rinokosha remakhahydrates mukusimudzira kukura kwekuita uye kushanda kwematumbo, kugadzirisa intestinal microbial community uye hutano hwemagetsi, uye kuongorora kusanganiswa kwekabhohydrate yenguruve.

2. Kurongwa kwemakhahydrates

Dietary carbohydrates inogona kuiswa zvichienderana nekukura kwavo kwemamorekuru, dhigirii repolymerization (DP), yekubatanidza mhando (a kana b) uye kuumbwa kwemamonomers ega (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Zvakakosha kuziva kuti chikamu chikuru chemakhahydrates chinobva paDP yavo, yakadai se monosaccharides kana disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) uye polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), iyo inoumbwa ne starch, NSP uye glycosidic zvisungo (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et al., 2007; Tafura 1).Kemikari kuongororwa kwakakosha kuti unzwisise physiological uye hutano mhedzisiro yemacarbohydrates.Nekuzivikanwa kwakawanda kwekemikari yemakabhohaidhiretsi, zvinokwanisika kuaisa mumapoka maererano nehutano hwavo uye maitiro emuviri uye nekuabatanidza muhurongwa hwese hwekuronga (englyst et al., 2007).Carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, uye yakawanda starches) iyo inogona kugayiwa nema enzymes anobatwa uye akabatwa mudumbu mudiki anotsanangurwa seanogayiwa kana anowanikwa makabhohaidhiretsi (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Makabhohaidhiretsi anopesana nekudya kwematumbo, kana kuti akabatwa zvisina kunaka uye akagadzirwa nemagetsi, asi anogona kuderedzwa ne microbial fermentation anoonekwa seanopesana nemakhahydrates, akadai seNSP yakawanda, indigestible oligosaccharides uye RS.Chaizvoizvo, makhahydrates asingagadziriswi anotsanangurwa seasingagadzike kana kuti asingashandisi, asi anopa tsanangudzo yakanyatsojeka yezvikamu zvemakhahydrates (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 kukura kwekuita

Starch inoumbwa nemhando mbiri dzepolysaccharides.Amylose (AM) imhando yemutsara starch α (1-4) yakabatana dextran, amylopectin (AP) is a α (1-4) yakabatana dextran, ine inenge 5% dextran α (1-6) kuti iite branched molecule. (tester et al., 2004).Nekuda kwekumisikidzwa kwakasiyana kwemamorekuru uye zvimiro, AP yakapfuma masitachi ari nyore kugaya, nepo am rich starches haisi nyore kugaya (Singh et al., 2010).Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvakaratidza kuti kudya kwe starch neakasiyana AM / AP ratios kune akakosha physiological mhinduro pakukura kwenguruve (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Kudya kwekudya uye kushanda zvakanaka kwenguruve dzakarumurwa kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kwe AM (regmi et al., 2011).Nekudaro, humbowo huri kubuda hunoshuma kuti kudya nepamusoro am kunowedzera avhareji yezuva nezuva kuwana uye kugona kwekudya kwenguruve dzinokura (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Uye zvakare, mamwe masayendisiti akataura kuti kudyisa akasiyana AM / AP zviyero zve starch hakuna kukanganisa kukura kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), nepo kudya kwakakwira kweAP kwakawedzera kugaya kwevakarumurwa. nguruve (Gao et al., 2020A).Dietary fiber chikamu chidiki chekudya chinobva muzvirimwa.Dambudziko guru nderekuti kudya kwepamusoro fiber inosanganiswa nekushandiswa kwakaderera kwekudya kunovaka muviri uye yakaderera net simba kukosha (noble & Le, 2001).Pane zvinopesana, kudya kwefiber zvine mwero hakuna kukanganisa kukura kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Migumisiro yezvokudya zvefiber pakushandiswa kwezvokudya uye net energy value inokonzerwa nefiber maitiro, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvefiber zvinogona kunge zvakasiyana zvikuru (lndber, 2014).Munguruve dzakarumurwa, kuwedzera nepea fiber kwaive nehuwandu hwekushandura chikafu kupfuura kudyisa chibage fiber, soybean fiber uye gorosi bran fiber (Chen et al., 2014).Saizvozvo, nguruve dzakarumurwa dzakabatwa nechibage bran uye gorosi bran dzakaratidza hukuru hwekudyisa uye kuwedzera huremu kupfuura avo vanobatwa nesoya bean hull (Zhao et al., 2018).Sezvineiwo, pakanga pasina mutsauko mukukura kwekuita pakati pegorosi bran fiber boka uye inulin boka (Hu et al., 2020).Mukuwedzera, kana zvichienzaniswa nenguruve muboka re cellulose uye boka rexylan, kuwedzera kwacho kwainyanya kushanda β-Glucan inokanganisa kukura kwekukura kwenguruve (Wu et al., 2018).Oligosaccharides yakaderera molecular weight carbohydrates, yepakati pakati peshuga uye polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Vane zvakakosha zvemuviri uye physicochemical properties, kusanganisira yakaderera calorific kukosha uye inokurudzira kukura kwebhakitiriya inobatsira, saka inogona kushandiswa sezvokudya zveprobiotics (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto uye mancilha, 2007).Kuwedzerwa kwechitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kunogona kuvandudza kudyiwa kwezvokudya, kuderedza kuitika kwechirwere uye kuvandudza intestinal morphology, nokudaro kuvandudza kushanda kwekukura kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Zhou et al., 2012).Mukuwedzera, kudya kunowedzerwa necos kunogona kuvandudza kubereka kwenguruve (nhamba yenguruve mhenyu) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) uye kukura kwekukura kwenguruve (wontae et al., 2008) .Kuwedzerwa kweMOS uye fructooligosaccharide kunogonawo kuvandudza kukura kwenguruve (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Iyi mishumo inoratidza kuti macarbohydrates akasiyana-siyana ane mhedzisiro yakasiyana pakukura kwenguruve (tafura 2a).

3.2 basa remudumbu

Yakakwira am / ap ratio starch inogona kuvandudza hutano hwematumbo (tribyrininogona kuidzivirira yenguruve) nekusimudzira mudumbu morphology uye kumusoro kudzora intestinal basa rine chekuita nejini kutaura mukurumura nguruve (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Huyero yehurefu hwe villi kusvika kuhurefu hwe villi uye kudzika kwakadzika kwe ileum nejejunamu yaive yakakwira kana ichidyiswa nehigh am diet, uye huwandu hweapoptosis hwehutumbu hudiki hwaive hwakaderera.Panguva imwecheteyo, yakawedzerawo kutaura kwekuvhara majini mu duodenum uye jejunum, nepo muboka repamusoro reAP, mabasa e sucrose uye maltase mujejunum yenguruve dzakarumurwa akawedzera (Gao et al., 2020b).Saizvozvo, basa rekare rakaona kuti am akapfuma kudya kwakaderedzwa pH uye AP yakapfuma kudya kwakawedzera huwandu hwese hwebhakitiriya mucaecum yenguruve dzakarumurwa (Gao et al., 2020A).Dietary fiber ndiyo chikamu chinokosha chinokanganisa kukura kwematumbo uye basa renguruve.Uchapupu hwakaunganidzwa hunoratidza kuti iyo fiber yekudya inovandudza intestinal morphology uye chipingamupinyi basa renguruve dzakarumurwa, uye inoderedza kuitika kwemanyoka (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Kushaikwa kwefiber yekudya kunowedzera kukonzeresa kwehutachiona uye kunokanganisa basa rekuvhara kwecolon mucosa (Desai et al., 2016), nepo kudyisa neiyo yakanyanya insoluble fiber kudya kunogona kudzivirira hutachiona nekuwedzera hurefu hwevilli munguruve (hedemann et al., 2006) )Mhando dzakasiyana dzefiber dzine mhedzisiro dzakasiyana pane basa recolon uye ileum barriers.Gorosi bran uye pea fibers inosimudzira gut barriers basa nekudzora TLR2 gene kutaura uye kuvandudza intestinal microbial nharaunda zvichienzaniswa nechibage uye soya bhinzi (Chen et al., 2015).Kudya kwenguva refu kwepea fiber kunogona kudzora metabolism inoenderana nejeni kana mapuroteni kutaura, nekudaro inovandudza colon barriers uye immune function (Che et al., 2014).Inulin mukudya inogona kudzivirira kuvhiringidzika kwemukati munguruve dzakarumurwa nekuwedzera mudumbu permeability (Awad et al., 2013).Zvakakosha kuziva kuti musanganiswa we soluble (inulin) uye insoluble fiber (cellulose) inoshanda kupfuura yega, iyo inogona kuvandudza kudya kunovaka muviri uye intestinal barriers basa munguruve dzakarumurwa (Chen et al., 2019).Mhedzisiro yefiber yekudya pamatumbo mucosa zvinoenderana nezvikamu zvavo.Ongororo yapfuura yakawana kuti xylan yakasimudzira intestinal barriers basa, pamwe nekuchinja kwebhakitiriya spectrum uye metabolites, uye glucan yakasimudzira intestinal barriers basa uye mucosal hutano, asi kuwedzera kwe cellulose hakuna kuratidza mhedzisiro yakafanana mukurumurwa nguruve (Wu et al. , 2018).Oligosaccharides inogona kushandiswa senge kabhoni masosi ezvipembenene zviri mudumbu repamusoro pane kugayiwa uye kushandiswa.Fructose supplementation inogona kuwedzera intestinal mucosa thickness, butyric acid production, nhamba yemasero ekudzivirira uye kupararira kwemasero epithelial emukati munguruve dzakarumurwa (Tsukahara et al., 2003).Pectin oligosaccharides inogona kuvandudza intestinal barrier function uye kuderedza kukuvara kwemukati kunokonzerwa ne rotavirus munguruve (Mao et al., 2017).Mukuwedzera, zvakaonekwa kuti cos inogona kukurudzira zvakanyanya kukura kwemukati mucosa uye zvakanyanya kuwedzera kutaura kwekuvhara majini munguruve (WAN, Jiang, et al. nenzira yakazara, izvi zvinoratidza kuti marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakhahydrates anogona kuvandudza intestinal. basa renguruve (tafura 2b).

Pfupiso uye Tarisiro

Carbohydrate ndiyo huru ine simba renguruve, iyo inoumbwa nemamonosaccharides akasiyana-siyana, disaccharides, oligosaccharides uye polysaccharides.Matemu akavakirwa pahunhu hwemuviri anobatsira kutarisa pane zvingangoita hutano mabasa emakabhohaidhiretsi uye kugadzirisa iko kurongeka kwekabhohaidhiretsi.Zvimiro zvakasiyana uye marudzi emakabhohaidhiretsi ane mhedzisiro yakasiyana pakuchengetedza kukura kwekuita, kukurudzira intestinal basa uye microbial balance, nekugadzirisa lipid uye glucose metabolism.Iyo inogoneka nzira yekabhohydrate regulation ye lipid uye glucose metabolism yakavakirwa pamatabolites avo (SCFAs), ayo akaviriswa ne intestinal microbiota.Kunyanya, carbohydrate mukudya inogona kudzora glucose metabolism kuburikidza ne scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY uye ampk-g6pase / PEPCK nzira, uye kutonga lipid metabolism kuburikidza ne scfas-gpr43 / 41 uye amp / atp-ampk nzira.Mukuwedzera, apo marudzi akasiyana-siyana emakhahydrates ari mukubatanidzwa kwakanakisisa, kukura kwekuita uye hutano hwehutano hwenguruve hunogona kuvandudzwa.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti zvinogona kuita zvecarbohydrates muprotein uye gene expression uye metabolic regulation ichawanikwa nekushandisa yakakwirira-kuburikidza inoshanda maproteomics, genomics uye metabonomics nzira.Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, kuongororwa kweakasiyana makabhohaidhireti musanganiswa chinhu chinodiwa pakudzidza kwakasiyana siyana macarbohydrate mukugadzirwa kwenguruve.

Kunobva: Mhuka Sayenzi Journal