Abstract

Inkqubela enkulu yophando lwe-carbohydrate kwisondlo sehagu kunye nempilo yindlela ecacileyo ngakumbi ye-carbohydrate, engasekelwe kuphela kwisakhiwo sayo sekhemikhali, kodwa isekelwe kwiimpawu zayo ze-physiological.Ukongeza ekubeni ngowona mthombo wamandla, iindidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo zecarbohydrates ziluncedo kwisondlo kunye nemisebenzi yempilo yeehagu.Babandakanyeka ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komsebenzi kunye nokusebenza kwamathumbu eengulube, ukulawula i-intestinal microbial community, kunye nokulawula i-metabolism ye-lipids kunye ne-glucose.Indlela esisiseko ye-carbohydrate ikwi-metabolites yayo (i-chain chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) kwaye ikakhulu nge-scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk kunye ne-scfas-ampk-g6pase / iindlela zePEPCK zokulawula amafutha kunye i-glucose metabolism.Uphononongo olutsha luvavanye eyona ndibaniselwano ilungileyo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo zekhabhohayidrethi, ezinokuthi ziphucule ukukhula kokukhula kunye nesondlo sokutya, ukukhuthaza ukusebenza kwamathumbu, kunye nokwandisa ubuninzi bebutyrate evelisa ibhaktiriya kwiihagu.Lilonke, ubungqina obubambekayo buxhasa umbono wokuba iicarbohydrates zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwisondlo kunye nemisebenzi yempilo yeehagu.Ukongeza, ukuzimisela kokubunjwa kwe-carbohydrate kuya kuba nexabiso lethiyori kunye nelokusebenza kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokulinganisa i-carbohydrate kwiihagu.

1. Intshayelelo

I-Polymeric carbohydrates, istatshi kunye ne-non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) zezona nxalenye zezidlo kunye nemithombo yamandla ephambili yeehagu, ezibalelwa kuma-60% - 70% ewonke amandla athathwayo (Bach Knudsen).Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba iindidi kunye nesakhiwo se-carbohydrates sinzima kakhulu, esinemiphumo eyahlukileyo kwiihagu.Uphononongo lwangaphambili lubonise ukuba ukondla nge-starch nge-amylose eyahlukeneyo kwi-amylose (AM / AP) umlinganiselo kunempendulo ebonakalayo ye-physiological ekusebenzeni kokukhula kweehagu (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Ifayibha yokutya, ikakhulu eyenziwe yi-NSP, ikholelwa ukuba iyanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwezondlo kunye nexabiso lamandla e-monogastric yezilwanyana (NOBLET kunye ne-le, 2001).Nangona kunjalo, i-fiber intake yokutya ayizange ichaphazele ukukhula kweehagu (Han & Lee, 2005).Ubungqina obuninzi nangakumbi bubonisa ukuba i-fiber yokutya iphucula i-intestinal morphology kunye nomsebenzi womqobo weehagu, kwaye iyanciphisa iziganeko zohudo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Ke ngoko, kungxamisekile ukufunda indlela yokusebenzisa ngempumelelo iicarbohydrates ezintsonkothileyo ekutyeni, ngakumbi ukutya okutyebileyo kwifiber.Iimpawu zesakhiwo kunye ne-taxonomic ye-carbohydrates kunye nemisebenzi yazo yesondlo kunye nempilo yeehagu kufuneka ichazwe kwaye ithathelwe ingqalelo kwimixube yokutya.I-NSP kunye nestatshi esinganyangekiyo (RS) zezona carbohydrates zingagaywanga (wey et al., 2011), ngelixa i-intestinal microbiota ibilisa iicarbohydrates ezingatyibilikiyo zibe yi-short chain fatty acids (SCFAs);Turnbaugh et al., 2006).Ukongezelela, ezinye i-oligosaccharides kunye ne-polysaccharides zibhekwa njengeprobiotics yezilwanyana, ezingasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza umlinganiselo weLactobacillus kunye neBifidobacterium emathunjini (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al. , 2008).Ukuxhaswa kwe-Oligosaccharide kuye kwabikwa ukuba kuphuculwe ukubunjwa kwe-intestinal microbiota (de Lange et al., 2010).Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukusetyenziswa kwezikhuthazi zokukhula kwe-antimicrobial kwimveliso yehagu, kubalulekile ukufumana ezinye iindlela zokufumana impilo entle yezilwanyana.Kukho ithuba lokongeza iindidi ezininzi zecarbohydrates ekutyeni kweehagu.Ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba udibaniso olufanelekileyo lwesitashi, i-NSP kunye ne-MOS inokukhuthaza ukusebenza kokukhula kunye nokugaya isondlo, ukwandisa inani le-butyrate evelisa iibhaktheriya, kunye nokuphucula i-lipid metabolism yeehagu ezilunyulweyo ukuya kwinqanaba elithile (Zhou, Chen, et al. ., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020).Ngoko ke, injongo yeli phepha kukuhlaziya uphando lwangoku malunga nendima ephambili ye-carbohydrate ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komsebenzi kunye nokusebenza kwamathumbu emathunjini, ukulawula uluntu lwamathumbu e-intestinal microbial kunye nempilo ye-metabolic, kunye nokuphonononga ukudibanisa kwe-carbohydrate yeehagu.

2. Ukuhlelwa kweecarbohydrates

I-carbohydrates yokutya inokuthi ihlelwe ngokwemilinganiselo ye-molecular, i-degree of polymerization (DP), uhlobo lokudibanisa (a okanye b) kunye nokubunjwa kwee-monomers ngamnye (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ulwahlulo oluphambili lwe-carbohydrates lusekelwe kwi-DP yabo, njenge-monosaccharides okanye i-disaccharides (DP, 1-2), i-oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) kunye ne-polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), eziqulunqwe isitashi, i-NSP kunye neebhondi ze-glycosidic (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et al., 2007; Itheyibhile 1).Uhlalutyo lwemichiza luyimfuneko ukuze kuqondwe imiphumo ye-physiological and health of carbohydrates.Ngokuchongwa kweekhemikhali ezibanzi ze-carbohydrates, kunokwenzeka ukuba zidibanise ngokweempilo zabo kunye nemiphumo ye-physiological kunye nokubandakanya kwisicwangciso sokuhlela ngokubanzi (englyst et al., 2007).I-Carbohydrates (i-monosaccharides, i-disaccharides, kunye ne-starches ezininzi) ezinokugaywa yi-enzymes yokusingatha kwaye ifakwe emathunjini amancinci ichazwa njenge-digestible okanye i-carbohydrates ekhoyo (Cummings, Stephen, 2007).I-carbohydrates echasene nokugaya kwamathumbu emathunjini, okanye ukunyanzeliswa kakubi kunye ne-metabolized, kodwa inokuthi ihlaziywe yi-microbial fermentation ithathwa njenge-resistant carbohydrates, njengeninzi ye-NSP, i-oligosaccharides engavumelekanga kunye ne-RS.Ngokusisiseko, i-carbohydrates enganyangekiyo ichazwa njengento engenakudliwa okanye engasetyenziswanga, kodwa inikezela ngenkcazo echanekileyo yokwahlulwa kwe-carbohydrates (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 ukukhula komsebenzi

Isitatshi senziwe ziindidi ezimbini zeepolysaccharides.I-Amylose (AM) luhlobo lwesitatshi esinemigca α (1-4) edityanisiweyo ye-dextran, i-amylopectin (AP) yi-α (1-4) edityanisiweyo ye-dextran, equlethe malunga ne-5% dextran α (1-6) ukwenza imolekyuli enamasebe (umvavanyi et al., 2004).Ngenxa yolungelelwaniso lweemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo kunye nezakhiwo, i-AP etyebileyo istatshi kulula ukwetyisa, ngelixa isitatshi esityebileyo akulula ukusigaya (Singh et al., 2010).Izifundo zangaphambili zibonise ukuba ukondla isitashi ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-AM / AP kuneempendulo ezibalulekileyo zomzimba ekusebenzeni kokukhula kweehagu (uDoti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008).Ukutya kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweehagu ezilunyulweyo kwehle ngokunyuka kwe-AM (regmi et al., 2011).Nangona kunjalo, ubungqina obuvelayo buxela ukuba ukutya okuphakamileyo kunokunyusa umyinge wenzuzo yemihla ngemihla kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kokutya kweehagu ezikhulayo (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019).Ukongeza, ezinye izazinzulu ziye zaxela ukuba ukondla umlinganiso we-AM / AP wesitatshi akuzange kuchaphazele ukukhula kweehagu ezilunyulweyo (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), ngelixa ukutya okuphezulu kwe-AP kwandisa ukugaywa kwezondlo ezilunyulweyo. iihagu (Gao et al., 2020A).Ifayibha yokutya yinxalenye encinci yokutya okuvela kwizityalo.Ingxaki enkulu kukuba i-fiber ephezulu yokutya inxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwezondlo ezisezantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lamandla (noble & Le, 2001).Ngokuchasene noko, i-fiber intake ephakathi ayizange ichaphazele ukukhula kweehagu ezilunyuliweyo (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013).Imiphumo yefiber yokutya ekusetyenzisweni kwezondlo kunye nexabiso lamandla e-net lichaphazeleka kwiimpawu zefiber, kunye nemithombo eyahlukeneyo yefiber ingahluka kakhulu (lndber, 2014).Kwiingulube ezilunyuliweyo, ukuxhaswa ngefiber ye-pea kwakunezinga eliphezulu lokuguqulwa kokutya kunokutya i-corn fiber, i-soybean fiber kunye ne-wheat bran fiber (Chen et al., 2014).Ngokufanayo, iihagu ezilunyuliweyo eziphathwe ngengqolowa yengqolowa kunye nengqolowa yengqolowa zibonisa ukusebenza kakuhle kokutya kunye nokuzuza ubunzima kunezo ziphathwa ngembotyi yesoya (Zhao et al., 2018).Okubangela umdla kukuba, bekungekho mahluko ekusebenzeni kokukhula phakathi kweqela lengqolowa yengqolowa kunye neqela le-inulin (Hu et al., 2020).Ukongezelela, xa kuthelekiswa neengulube kwiqela le-cellulose kunye neqela le-xylan, ukuxhaswa kwakusebenza ngakumbi i-β-Glucan iphazamisa ukusebenza kokukhula kweengulube (Wu et al., 2018).I-Oligosaccharides i-carbohydrates ephantsi ye-molecular weight, ephakathi phakathi kweeshukela kunye ne-polysaccharides (voragen, 1998).Zineempawu ezibalulekileyo ze-physiological and physicochemical, kubandakanywa nexabiso eliphantsi le-calorific kunye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kweebhaktheriya ezinenzuzo, ngoko zinokusetyenziswa njengeprobiotics yokutya (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto kunye ne-mancilha, i-2007).Ukongezwa kwe-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kunokuphucula ukugaywa kwezondlo, ukunciphisa iziganeko zesifo sohudo kunye nokuphucula i-intestinal morphology, ngaloo ndlela kuphuculwe ukusebenza kokukhula kweehagu ezilunyuliweyo (Zhou et al., 2012).Ukongeza, ukutya okongeziweyo kunye ne-cos kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokuzala kweehagu (inani leehagu eziphilayo) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) kunye nokusebenza kokukhula kweehagu ezikhulayo (wontae et al., 2008) .Ukongezwa kwe-MOS kunye ne-fructooligosaccharide kunokuphucula ukusebenza kokukhula kweehagu (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013).Ezi ngxelo zibonisa ukuba iicarbohydrates ezahlukeneyo zineziphumo ezahlukeneyo ekusebenzeni kokukhula kweehagu (itafile 2a).

3.2 ukusebenza kwamathumbu

Isitatshi esiphakamileyo se-am/ap singaphucula impilo yamathumbu (i-tribyrininokukhusela ihagu) ngokukhuthaza i-morphology yamathumbu kunye nokulawula ukusebenza kwamathumbu emathumbu ehambelana nokubonakaliswa kwemfuza ekulumleni iihagu (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011).Umlinganiselo wobude be-villi ukuya kubude be-villi kunye nobunzulu be-recess ye-ileum kunye ne-jejunum ubuphezulu xa utyiswa ngokutya okuphakamileyo kwe-am, kwaye izinga lokunyuka kwe-apoptosis lamathumbu amancinci laliphantsi.Kwangaxeshanye, iphinde yandisa ukubonakaliswa kokuthintela izakhi zofuzo kwi-duodenum kunye nejejunum, ngelixa kwiqela eliphezulu le-AP, imisebenzi ye-sucrose kunye ne-maltase kwi-jejunum yeehagu ezilunyulweyo yanda (Gao et al., 2020b).Ngokufanayo, umsebenzi wangaphambili wafumanisa ukuba ukutya okutyebileyo kunciphise i-pH kunye nokutya okutyebileyo kwe-AP konyusa inani lilonke lebhaktheriya kwi-caecum yeehagu ezilunyulweyo (Gao et al., 2020A).I-fiber yokutya yeyona nto iphambili echaphazela ukukhula kwamathumbu kunye nokusebenza kweehagu.Ubungqina obuqokelelweyo bubonisa ukuba i-fiber yokutya iphucula i-intestinal morphology kunye nomsebenzi womqobo weehagu ezilunyuliweyo, kwaye iyanciphisa iziganeko zohudo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014; Wu et al., 2018).Ukunqongophala kwefiber yokutya kwandisa ukuchaphazeleka kwentsholongwane kwaye kuphazamisa umsebenzi wesithintelo se-colon mucosa (Desai et al., 2016), ngelixa ukondla ngokutya kwefayibha enganyibilikiyo kunokuthintela iintsholongwane ngokunyusa ubude be-villi kwiihagu (hedemann et al., 2006) ).Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemicu zineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo kumsebenzi wekholoni kunye ne-ileum barrier.Ingqolowa yengqolowa kunye ne-pea fibers iphucula umsebenzi wokuthintelwa kwamathumbu ngokulawula i-TLR2 ye-gene expression kunye nokuphucula uluntu lwamathumbu e-intestinal microbial xa kuthelekiswa nombona kunye neembotyi zesoya (Chen et al., 2015).Ixesha elide lokungeniswa kwefiber ye-pea kunokulawula i-metabolism ehambelana ne-gene okanye i-protein expression, ngaloo ndlela iphucula umqobo we-colon kunye nokusebenza komzimba (Che et al., 2014).I-Inulin ekutyeni inokuthintela ukuphazamiseka kwamathumbu kwiihagu ezilunyuliweyo ngokunyusa ukunyanzeliswa kwamathumbu (Awad et al., 2013).Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukudibanisa kwe-soluble (inulin) kunye ne-fiber e-insoluble (i-cellulose) iyasebenza ngakumbi kunokodwa, enokuphucula ukufunxa okunesondlo kunye nomsebenzi wokuthintela emathunjini kwiihagu ezilunyuliweyo (Chen et al., 2019).Impembelelo yefiber yokutya kwi-mucosa yamathumbu ixhomekeke kumacandelo abo.Uphononongo lwangaphambili lufumene ukuba i-xylan ikhuthaze umsebenzi wokuthintela amathumbu, kunye notshintsho kwi-spectrum yebhaktheriya kunye ne-metabolites, kunye ne-glucan ikhuthaza umsebenzi wokuthintela amathumbu kunye nempilo ye-mucosal, kodwa ukuxhaswa kwe-cellulose akuzange kubonise iziphumo ezifanayo kwiihagu zokulunyulwa (Wu et al. , 2018).I-Oligosaccharides ingasetyenziselwa njengemithombo yekhabhoni ye-microorganisms kwi-gut ephezulu endaweni yokugaya kwaye isetyenziswe.Ukuxhaswa kwe-Fructose kunokunyusa ubuninzi be-intestinal mucosa, ukuveliswa kwe-asidi ye-butyric, inani leeseli ezigqithisiweyo kunye nokwanda kweeseli ze-epithelial zamathumbu kwiingulube ezilunyuliweyo (Tsukahara et al., 2003).I-Pectin oligosaccharides inokuphucula umsebenzi wesithintelo samathumbu kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo wamathumbu obangelwa yi-rotavirus kwi-piglets (Mao et al., 2017).Ukongezelela, kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-cos inokukhuthaza kakhulu ukukhula kwe-intestinal mucosa kunye nokwandisa kakhulu ukubonakaliswa kofuzo lokuthintela kwi-piglets (WAN, Jiang, et al. ngendlela ebanzi, oku kubonisa ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-carbohydrate zinokuphucula amathumbu. umsebenzi wamantshontsho eehagu (itafile 2b).

Isishwankathelo kunye neProspect

I-Carbohydrate ngowona mthombo wamandla weehagu, owenziwe ngee-monosaccharides ezahlukeneyo, i-disaccharides, i-oligosaccharides kunye ne-polysaccharides.Imigaqo esekelwe kwiimpawu ze-physiological inceda ukugxila kwimisebenzi yempilo enokubakho ye-carbohydrates kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kokuhlelwa kwe-carbohydrates.Izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo ze-carbohydrates zineempembelelo ezahlukeneyo ekugcineni ukukhula kokukhula, ukukhuthaza umsebenzi wamathumbu kunye ne-microbial balance, kunye nokulawula i-lipid kunye ne-glucose metabolism.Indlela enokwenzeka yokulawulwa kwe-carbohydrate ye-lipid kunye ne-glucose metabolism isekelwe kwi-metabolites (SCFAs) yazo, evundiswe yi-intestinal microbiota.Ngokukodwa, i-carbohydrate ekutyeni inokulawula i-glucose metabolism ngokusebenzisa i-scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY kunye ne-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK iindlela, kunye nokulawula i-lipid metabolism ngokusebenzisa i-scfas-gpr43 / 41 kunye ne-amp / atp-ampk iindlela.Ukongeza, xa iindidi ezahlukeneyo zekhabhohayidrethi zihamba kakuhle, ukukhula nokusebenza kwempilo yeehagu kungaphucuka.

Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba imisebenzi enokubakho ye-carbohydrate kwiprotheni kunye ne-gene expression kunye nokulawulwa kwe-metabolic iya kufunyanwa ngokusebenzisa i-high-throughput functional proteomics, i-genomics kunye neendlela ze-metabonomics.Okokugqibela kodwa okungakuncinananga, uvavanyo lwendibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo zekhabhohayidrethi ziyimfuneko kuphononongo lweentlobo ngeentlobo zezidlo zecarbohydrates kwimveliso yeehagu.

Umthombo: Ijenali yeNzululwazi yezilwanyana