Betaine yog ib qho tshwm sim tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu.Raws li pub additive, nws yog muab nyob rau hauv anhydrous los yog hydrochloride daim ntawv.Nws tuaj yeem muab ntxiv rau tsiaj pub rau ntau lub hom phiaj.
Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov hom phiaj no tej zaum yuav muaj feem xyuam rau qhov zoo heev methyl pub muaj peev xwm ntawm betaine, uas feem ntau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub siab.Vim kev hloov ntawm unstable methyl pawg, cov synthesis ntawm ntau lub tebchaw xws li methionine, carnitine thiab creatine yog txhawb. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, betaine cuam tshuam rau cov protein, lipid thiab lub zog metabolism, yog li hloov pauv cov carcass muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Qhov thib ob, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ntxiv betaine hauv pub yuav muaj feem xyuam rau nws txoj haujlwm raws li kev tiv thaiv cov organic penetrant.Nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm no, betaine pab cov hlwb thoob plaws hauv lub cev tswj dej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm tes, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm muaj kev ntxhov siab. cov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm betaine rau cov tsiaj hauv qab cua sov.
Hauv npua, cov txiaj ntsig sib txawv ntawm betaine supplementation tau piav qhia.Cov kab lus no yuav tsom mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm betaine ua cov khoom noj ntxiv hauv plab hnyuv ntawm weaned piglets.
Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb betaine tau tshaj tawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev zom zaub mov hauv ileum lossis tag nrho cov plab zom mov ntawm npua. Rov ua dua kev soj ntsuam ntawm ileal digestibility ntawm fiber ntau (crude fiber lossis nruab nrab thiab acid detergent fiber) qhia tias betaine txhawb cov fermentation ntawm cov kab mob uas twb muaj lawm. nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv me, vim hais tias cov hnyuv hlwb tsis tsim fiber-degrading enzymes.Cov fiber ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag muaj cov as-ham, uas yuav tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm degradation ntawm cov microbial fiber.
Yog li ntawd, kev txhim kho cov teeb meem qhuav thiab cov hmoov tshauv crude kuj tau pom.Thaum tag nrho cov plab hnyuv siab raum, nws tau tshaj tawm tias piglets ntxiv nrog 800 mg betaine / kg noj tau zoo dua cov protein ntau (+6.4%) thiab cov khoom qhuav (+ 4.2%). Tsis tas li ntawd, ib qho kev tshawb fawb sib txawv tau pom tias los ntawm kev ntxiv nrog 1,250 mg / kg betaine, pom meej tag nrho digestibility ntawm crude protein (+3.7%) thiab ether extract (+6.7%) tau txhim kho.
Ib qho laj thawj ua tau rau pom qhov nce hauv cov zaub mov digestibility yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm betaine ntawm kev tsim cov enzyme.In ib tug tsis ntev los no nyob rau hauv vivo txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ntxiv betaine rau weaned piglets, cov kev ua ntawm digestive enzymes (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin thiab chymotrypsin). Hauv chyme tau soj ntsuam (Daim duab 1).Txhua cov enzymes tshwj tsis yog maltase pom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntau ntxiv, thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm betaine tau tshaj tawm ntawm 2,500 mg betaine / kg pub tshaj li ntawm 1,250 mg / kg.Qhov kev nce hauv kev ua haujlwm yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nce ntxiv. Hauv kev tsim cov enzyme, lossis nws yuav yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nce hauv catalytic efficiency ntawm enzyme.
Daim duab 1-Kev ua haujlwm ntawm plab hnyuv plab enzyme ntawm piglets ntxiv nrog 0 mg / kg, 1,250 mg / kg lossis 2,500 mg / kg betaine.
Hauv kev sim hauv vitro, nws tau ua pov thawj tias los ntawm kev ntxiv NaCl los tsim cov siab osmotic siab, trypsin thiab amylase kev ua ub no tau inhibited.Ntxiv cov qib sib txawv ntawm betaine rau qhov kev sim no rov qab ua kom cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm NaCl thiab nce enzyme kev ua.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum NaCl tsis yog. ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tsis haum, betaine tsis cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm enzyme ntawm qhov qis dua, tab sis nws pom tias muaj cov nyhuv inhibitory ntawm qhov siab dua.
Tsis tsuas yog qhov nce digestibility tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov nce hauv kev loj hlob kev ua tau zoo thiab pub hloov pauv tus nqi ntawm cov npua ntxiv nrog kev noj zaub mov betaine.Ntxiv betaine rau npua noj kuj txo cov tsiaj tu lub zog xav tau.Qhov kev xav rau qhov kev pom zoo no yog thaum betaine siv tau. Txhawm rau tswj hwm intracellular osmotic siab, qhov kev thov rau ion twj tso kua mis yog txo, uas yog cov txheej txheem uas yuav tsum tau muaj zog.Thaum muaj kev siv zog tsawg, cov nyhuv ntawm supplementing betaine yuav tsum tau tshaj tawm los ntawm kev nce lub zog ntawm kev loj hlob es. kev saib xyuas.
Lub hlwb epithelial nyob rau hauv lub plab phab ntsa yuav tsum tau tiv nrog ntau yam osmotic tej yam kev mob uas tsim los ntawm lub luminal ntsiab lus thaum lub sij hawm kev zom zaub mov.Tam sim no, cov plab hnyuv hlwb yuav tsum tau tswj kev sib pauv dej thiab cov as-ham sib txawv ntawm txoj hnyuv lumen thiab plasma. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv cov hlwb los ntawm cov teeb meem nyuaj no, betaine yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov organic penetrant.Thaum soj ntsuam cov concentration ntawm betaine nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg sib txawv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm betaine nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg yog heev. los ntawm kev noj zaub mov betaine concentration.Zoo-zoo cov hlwb yuav muaj kev loj hlob zoo dua thiab muaj peev xwm rov zoo dua.Yog li ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias kev nce qib betaine ntawm piglets nce qhov siab ntawm duodenal villi thiab qhov tob ntawm ileal crypts, thiab lub villi muaj ntau yam sib xws.
Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, kev nce hauv qhov siab ntawm villi hauv duodenum, jejunum, thiab ileum tuaj yeem pom, tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov tob ntawm crypts.Raws li pom hauv broiler qaib kis nrog coccidia, kev tiv thaiv ntawm betaine ntawm Cov kab mob hauv plab yuav tseem ceeb dua nyob rau hauv qee yam (osmotic) cov nyom.
Cov kab mob plab hnyuv loj yog tsim los ntawm cov kab mob epithelial, uas txuas rau ib leeg los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov proteins nruj nreem.Qhov kev ncaj ncees ntawm qhov barrier yog qhov tseem ceeb los tiv thaiv kev nkag mus ntawm cov khoom tsis zoo thiab cov kab mob pathogenic, uas yuav txwv tsis pub ua o.Rau npua, qhov tsis zoo. qhov cuam tshuam ntawm txoj hnyuv hauv plab yog suav tias yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm mycotoxin paug hauv cov khoom noj, lossis ib qho ntawm cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm kev kub ntxhov.
Txhawm rau ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov cuam tshuam, hauv vitro kev sim ntawm cov kab ntawm tes feem ntau yog siv los ntsuas cov hluav taws xob transepithelial hluav taws xob (TEER).Nrog rau kev siv betaine, kev txhim kho TEER tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ntau qhov kev sim hauv vitro.Thaum lub roj teeb yog raug kub siab (42 ° C), TEER yuav txo qis (Daim duab 2).Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm betaine mus rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov cell uas muaj cua sov tiv thaiv qhov txo qis TEER, qhia tias muaj kev kub ntxhov ntxiv.
Daim duab 2-In vitro cuam tshuam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias thiab betaine ntawm cell transepithelial tsis kam (TEER).
Tsis tas li ntawd, hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv vivo hauv piglets, kev nthuav qhia ntxiv ntawm cov protein sib txuas nruj (occludin, claudin1, thiab zonula occludens-1) hauv jejunum cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm cov tsiaj uas tau txais 1,250 mg / kg betaine tau ntsuas piv nrog pawg tswj hwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li lub cim ntawm txoj hnyuv mucosal puas tsuaj, diamine oxidase kev ua hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov npua no tau txo qis, qhia tias muaj zog plab hnyuv thaiv.Thaum betaine tau ntxiv rau kev noj zaub mov ntawm cov npua loj hlob, qhov nce hauv plab hnyuv tensile zog. tau ntsuas thaum lub sijhawm tua.
Tsis ntev los no, ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tau txuas betaine rau cov kab mob antioxidant thiab piav qhia txo cov dawb radicals, txo qis ntawm malondialdehyde (MDA), thiab txhim kho glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) kev ua.
Betaine tsis tsuas yog ua raws li osmoprotectant nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov kab mob tuaj yeem khaws cov betaine los ntawm de novo synthesis lossis kev thauj mus los ntawm ib puag ncig.Muaj cov cim qhia tias betaine tuaj yeem muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov kab mob hauv plab hnyuv ntawm cov piglets weaned. Tag nrho cov kab mob ileal, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog bifidobacteria thiab lactobacilli, tau nce ntxiv. Tsis tas li ntawd, qis qis ntawm Enterobacter tau pom hauv cov quav.
Thaum kawg, nws tau pom tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm betaine rau txoj hnyuv noj qab haus huv ntawm cov menyuam piglets yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov kab mob raws plab.Qhov kev cuam tshuam no yuav yog nyob ntawm koob tshuaj: kev noj zaub mov ntxiv 2,500 mg / kg betaine zoo dua 1,250 mg / kg betaine hauv txo tus kab mob raws plab.Txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov piglets weaned ntawm ob qib ntxiv tau zoo sib xws.Lwm cov kws tshawb fawb tau pom tias thaum ntxiv 800 mg / kg ntawm betaine, tus nqi thiab qhov tshwm sim ntawm raws plab hauv weaned piglets yog qis dua.
Betaine muaj pKa qis ntawm kwv yees li 1.8, uas ua rau kev sib cais ntawm betaine HCl tom qab noj, ua rau gastric acidification.
Cov zaub mov nthuav yog qhov muaj peev xwm acidification ntawm betaine hydrochloride raws li qhov chaw ntawm betaine.In tib neeg cov tshuaj, betaine HCl tshuaj feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog pepsin los txhawb cov neeg mob plab thiab digestive teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, betaine hydrochloride yuav siv tau raws li ib qho chaw nyab xeeb ntawm hydrochloric acid.Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov cuab yeej no thaum betaine hydrochloride muaj nyob rau hauv piglet pub, nws yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev.
Nws yog qhov paub zoo tias pH ntawm cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov piglets weaned tej zaum yuav siab heev (pH> 4), uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm pepsin precursor rau nws cov precursor pepsinogen.Optimal protein digestion tsis yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov tsiaj kom tau txais cov khoom zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, indigestion protein tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij loj ntawm cov kab mob kis tau zoo thiab ua rau muaj teeb meem ntawm cov kab mob plab tom qab weaning.Betaine muaj pKa qis ntawm kwv yees li 1.8, uas ua rau lub dissociation ntawm betaine HCl tom qab noj, ua rau plab hnyuv. acidification.
Lub sijhawm luv luv reacidification no tau pom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ua ntej hauv tib neeg thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv cov dev.Tom qab ib koob tshuaj ntawm 750 mg lossis 1,500 mg ntawm betaine hydrochloride, pH ntawm lub plab ntawm dev yav dhau los kho nrog gastric acid txo cov neeg ua haujlwm poob qis heev los ntawm txog 7 mus rau pH 2.Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov dev tswj tsis tau, pH ntawm lub plab yog li 2, uas tsis cuam tshuam rau betaine HCl supplementation.
Betaine muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv ntawm plab hnyuv ntawm weaned piglets.Cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj xyuas no qhia txog ntau txoj hauv kev rau betaine los txhawb kev zom zaub mov thiab kev nqus, txhim kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, cuam tshuam rau microbiota, thiab txhim kho kev tiv thaiv ntawm piglets.