Betaine ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe omwe amagawidwa kwambiri muzomera ndi zinyama. Monga chowonjezera cha chakudya, amaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe a anhydrous kapena hydrochloride.Ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku chakudya cha ziweto pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Choyamba, zolingazi zikhoza kukhala zogwirizana ndi mphamvu yothandiza kwambiri ya methyl donor ya betaine, yomwe imapezeka makamaka m'chiwindi.Chifukwa cha kusamutsidwa kwa magulu osakhazikika a methyl, kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala osiyanasiyana monga methionine, carnitine ndi creatine akulimbikitsidwa. Mwanjira iyi, betaine imakhudza mapuloteni, lipids ndi metabolism yamphamvu, potero amasintha mawonekedwe a nyama.
Kachiwiri, cholinga chowonjezera betaine mu chakudya chingakhale chokhudzana ndi ntchito yake monga chitetezo cha penetrant. zotsatira zabwino za betaine pa nyama pansi pa kutentha kutentha.
Mu nkhumba, zotsatira zosiyana zopindulitsa za betaine supplementation zafotokozedwa.Nkhaniyi ifotokoza za ntchito ya betaine monga chakudya chowonjezera m'matumbo a nkhumba zoletsedwa kuyamwa.
Kafukufuku wambiri wa betaine wanena za momwe zimakhudzira kugaya kwa zakudya mu ileamu kapena m'mimba ya nkhumba. m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa maselo a m'mimba samatulutsa michere yowonongeka.Chigawo cha fiber cha zomera chimakhala ndi zakudya, zomwe zimatha kumasulidwa panthawi yowonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Chifukwa chake, kuwongolera kwa zinthu zowuma komanso kusungunuka kwa phulusa la phulusa kunawonedwanso. Pamsewu wonse wa m'mimba, zanenedwa kuti nkhumba zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi 800 mg betaine / kg zakudya zasintha mapuloteni osakanizidwa (+ 6.4%) ndi zinthu zouma (+ 4.2% ) digestibility.Kuonjezera apo, kafukufuku wosiyana adawonetsa kuti powonjezerapo 1,250 mg / kg betaine, zowoneka bwino zowonongeka kwa mapuloteni osakanizidwa (+ 3.7%) ndi ether extract (+ 6.7%) zinasinthidwa.
Pakafukufuku waposachedwa wa vivo pa kuwonjezera kwa betaine ku ana a nkhumba oyamwa, ntchito ya michere ya m'mimba (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin ndi chymotrypsin). mu chyme anayesedwa (Chithunzi 1) .Ma enzymes onse kupatula maltase amasonyeza ntchito yowonjezereka, ndipo zotsatira za betaine zinkawonekera kwambiri pa 2,500 mg betaine / kg chakudya kuposa 1,250 mg / kg. Kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito kungakhale chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka. pakupanga ma enzyme, kapena zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya enzyme.
Chithunzi 1-M'mimba m'mimba enzyme ntchito ya nkhumba kuwonjezeredwa ndi 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg kapena 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Mayesero a in vitro, adatsimikiziridwa kuti powonjezera NaCl kuti apange kuthamanga kwa osmotic, trypsin ndi ntchito za amylase zinaletsedwa.Kuwonjezera milingo yosiyana ya betaine ku mayesowa kunabwezeretsanso kulepheretsa kwa NaCl ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito ya enzyme.Komabe, pamene NaCl siili. kuwonjezeredwa ku yankho la bafa, betaine sichikhudza ntchito ya enzyme pamlingo wocheperako, koma imawonetsa zolepheretsa pamlingo wapamwamba.
Osati kokha kuwonjezereka kwa digestibility kungathe kufotokozera kuwonjezeka kwa kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ya kukula ndi kutembenuka kwa chakudya cha nkhumba zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi zakudya za betaine.Kuwonjezera zakudya za betaine ku nkhumba kumachepetsanso mphamvu zosamalira nyama. kuti mukhalebe ndi mphamvu ya osmotic ya intracellular, kufunikira kwa mapampu a ion kumachepetsedwa, yomwe ndi njira yomwe imafuna mphamvu. kukonza.
Maselo a epithelial omwe akuzungulira khoma la matumbo amayenera kuthana ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za osmotic zomwe zimapangidwira ndi zowunikira panthawi ya chakudya cham'mimba. Kuteteza maselo ku zovuta izi, betaine ndi yofunika kwambiri organic penetrant.Poona ndende ya betaine mu zimakhala zosiyanasiyana, zili betaine mu matumbo zimakhala kwambiri. ndi zakudya za betaine concentration.Maselo oyenerera bwino adzakhala ndi kufalikira kwabwino komanso kuchira bwino.Choncho, ochita kafukufuku adapeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa betaine ya nkhumba kumawonjezera kutalika kwa duodenal villi ndi kuya kwa ileal crypts, ndipo villi ndi yunifolomu.
Mu kafukufuku wina, kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa villi mu duodenum, jejunum, ndi ileum kungawonedwe, koma sikunakhudze kuya kwa crypts. Kapangidwe ka matumbo kungakhale kofunikira kwambiri pazovuta zina (osmotic).
Chotchinga cha m'mimba chimapangidwa makamaka ndi maselo a epithelial, omwe amalumikizidwa wina ndi mzake ndi mapuloteni osakanikirana.Kukhulupirika kwa chotchinga ichi n'kofunika kuti tipewe kulowa kwa zinthu zovulaza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, zomwe zingayambitse kutupa.Kwa nkhumba, zoipa Kukhudzidwa kwa chotchinga m'matumbo kumawonedwa kukhala chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mycotoxin mu chakudya, kapena chimodzi mwazoyipa za kupsinjika kwa kutentha.
Pofuna kuyeza momwe zimakhudzira chotchinga, kuyesa kwa in vitro kwa mizere ya cell nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeza transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) .Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito betaine, TEER yowongoka ikhoza kuwonedwa muzoyesera zambiri mu vitro. kuwululidwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu (42 ° C), TEER idzachepa (Chithunzi 2) .Kuwonjezera kwa betaine ku sing'anga ya kukula kwa maselo otsekemera a kutentha kumatsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa TEER, kusonyeza kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha.
Chithunzi 2-In vitro zotsatira za kutentha kwambiri ndi betaine pa cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Kuonjezera apo, mu kafukufuku wa mu vivo mu nkhumba za nkhumba, kuwonjezeka kwa mapuloteni osakanikirana (occludin, claudin1, ndi zonula occludens-1) mu minofu ya jejunum ya nyama zomwe zinalandira 1,250 mg / kg betaine anayesedwa poyerekeza ndi gulu lolamulira. Kuonjezera apo, monga chizindikiro cha kuwonongeka kwa matumbo a m'mimba, ntchito ya diamine oxidase mu plasma ya nkhumbayi inachepetsedwa kwambiri, kusonyeza chotchinga champhamvu cha m'mimba. anayesedwa pa nthawi ya kupha.
Posachedwapa, kafukufuku wambiri wagwirizanitsa betaine ndi antioxidant system ndipo adalongosola kuchepa kwa ma radicals omasuka, kuchepetsa malondialdehyde (MDA), ndi ntchito yabwino ya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine sikuti amangogwira ntchito ngati osmoprotectant mu zinyama.Kuphatikiza apo, mabakiteriya ambiri amatha kudziunjikira betaine kudzera mu kaphatikizidwe ka de novo kapena kunyamula kuchokera ku chilengedwe. .Chiwerengero chonse cha mabakiteriya a ileal, makamaka bifidobacteria ndi lactobacilli, chawonjezeka.Kuonjezera apo, Enterobacter yocheperapo inapezeka mu ndowe.
Pomaliza, zikuwoneka kuti zotsatira za betaine pamatumbo am'mimba a nkhumba zoletsedwa ndikuchepetsa kutsekula m'mimba. Izi zitha kukhala zotengera mlingo: chowonjezera cha 2,500 mg/kg betaine ndichothandiza kwambiri kuposa 1,250 mg/kg betaine mu kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kutsekula m'mimba.Komabe, machitidwe a nkhumba zoletsedwa pamagulu awiri owonjezera anali ofanana.Ofufuza ena asonyeza kuti pamene 800 mg / kg ya betaine yawonjezeredwa, mlingo ndi zochitika za kutsekula m'mimba mwa ana a nkhumba zoletsedwa zimakhala zochepa.
Betaine ali ndi mtengo wochepa wa pKa pafupifupi 1.8, womwe umayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa betaine HCl pambuyo pa kumeza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti m'mimba acidification.
Chakudya chosangalatsa ndi kuthekera kwa acidification ya betaine hydrochloride monga gwero la betaine.Mu mankhwala aumunthu, betaine HCl zowonjezerapo nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi pepsin kuthandiza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la m'mimba ndi mavuto a m'mimba. gwero lotetezeka la hydrochloric acid.Ngakhale palibe chidziwitso pa malowa pamene betaine hydrochloride ili mu chakudya cha nkhumba, zingakhale zofunikira kwambiri.
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti pH ya m'mimba madzi a nkhumba oyamwitsa akhoza kukhala apamwamba (pH> 4), zomwe zingakhudze kutsegula kwa pepsin kalambulabwalo wake pepsinogen. Kuonjezera apo, puloteni ya kusagayitsa ingayambitse kuchulukitsa koopsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuonjezera vuto la kutsekula m'mimba pambuyo posiya kuyamwa. acidification.
Kubwezeretsa kwakanthawi kochepa kumeneku kwawonedwa mu kafukufuku woyambirira mwa anthu ndi maphunziro a agalu. Pambuyo pa mlingo umodzi wa 750 mg kapena 1,500 mg wa betaine hydrochloride, pH ya m'mimba mwa agalu yomwe idathandizidwa kale ndi chapamimba acid yochepetsera idatsika kwambiri. pafupifupi 7 mpaka pH 2. Komabe, mu agalu osagwiritsidwa ntchito osagwiritsidwa ntchito, pH ya m'mimba inali pafupi ndi 2, zomwe sizinali zogwirizana ndi betaine HCl supplementation.
Betaine imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamatumbo a nkhumba zoletsedwa kuyamwa. Ndemanga ya mabukuwa ikuwonetsa mwayi wosiyanasiyana wa betaine kuti athandizire chimbudzi ndi kuyamwa kwa michere, kukonza zotchinga zoteteza thupi, kukhudza ma microbiota, komanso kukulitsa luso lachitetezo cha ana a nkhumba.