Betaine bụ ihe na-emekarị na-ekesa n'ime osisi na anụmanụ. Dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri, a na-enye ya n'ụdị anhydrous ma ọ bụ hydrochloride.Enwere ike itinye ya na nri anụmanụ maka ebumnuche dị iche iche.
Nke mbụ, ebumnuche ndị a nwere ike jikọta ya na ike betaine na-enye onyinye dị irè nke methyl, nke na-emekarị na imeju. N'ihi nnyefe nke otu methyl na-adịghị akwụsi ike, a na-akwalite njikọ nke ogige dị iche iche dị ka methionine, carnitine na creatine. N'ụzọ dị otú a, betain na-emetụta protein, lipid na ume metabolism, si otú ahụ bara uru na-agbanwe ihe mejupụtara anụ ahụ.
Nke abuo, ebumnuche nke ịgbakwunye betaine na nri nwere ike jikọta ya na ọrụ ya dị ka ihe nchebe organic penetrant. N'ime ọrụ a, betaine na-enyere mkpụrụ ndụ niile aka ịnọgide na-enwe nguzozi mmiri na ọrụ cell, karịsịa n'oge oge nrụgide. Ihe atụ a maara nke ọma bụ. mmetụta dị mma nke betain na ụmụ anụmanụ n'okpuru nrụgide okpomọkụ.
N'ime ezì, a kọwawo mmetụta dị iche iche bara uru nke mgbakwunye betaine. Isiokwu a ga-elekwasị anya na ọrụ betaine dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri na ahụ ike nke eriri afọ nke piglets a napụrụ ara.
Ọtụtụ nchọpụta betaine akọwawo mmetụta na mgbaze nke nri na-edozi ahụ na ileum ma ọ bụ mkpokọta nri nri nke pigs. Nleba anya ugboro ugboro nke mmụba nke eriri afọ nke eriri (fiber crude ma ọ bụ nnọpụiche na eriri acid acid) na-egosi na betaine na-akpali gbaa ụka nke nje bacteria ugbu a. n'ime obere eriri afọ, n'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ eriri afọ anaghị emepụta enzymes na-emebi fiber. Akụkụ eriri nke osisi ahụ nwere ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, nke nwere ike ịhapụ n'oge mmebi nke eriri microbial a.
Ya mere, a na-ahụkwa ihe na-eme ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na ihe ọkụkụ na-edozi ahụ dịkwuo mma. Na ngụkọta nke tract digestive, a na-akọ na piglets agbakwunyere na 800 mg betaine / kg nri emewo ka protein crude (+ 6.4%) na ihe akọrọ (+ 4.2%). ) digestibility. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nchọpụta dị iche iche gosiri na site n'ịgbakwụnye na 1,250 mg / kg betaine, a na-emeziwanye ihe mgbagwoju anya nke protein crude (+ 3.7%) na ether wepụ (+ 6.7%).
Otu ihe nwere ike ime ka mmụba nke nri nri nri bụ mmetụta betaine na mmepụta enzyme. N'ime nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na mgbakwunye nke betaine na piglets arapụpụrụ ara, ọrụ nke enzymes digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin). A na-enyocha chyme (Njirimara 1) .Mmepụta enzymes niile ma e wezụga maltase gosipụtara ọrụ na-abawanye ụba, na mmetụta nke betaine na-apụta na 2,500 mg betaine / kg nri karịa na 1,250 mg / kg. Mmụba nke ọrụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba. na mmepụta enzyme, ma ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba nke catalytic arụmọrụ nke enzyme.
Ọgụgụ 1-ọrụ intestinal digestive enzyme nke piglets agbakwunyere na 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg ma ọ bụ 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Na nyocha in vitro, e gosipụtara na site n'ịgbakwunye NaCl iji mepụta nrụgide osmotic dị elu, a na-egbochi trypsin na amylase. agbakwunyere na ngwọta nchekwa, betaine anaghị emetụta ọrụ enzyme na ntinye uche dị ala, mana ọ na-egosi mmetụta mgbochi na ntinye dị elu.
Ọ bụghị naanị na ụbara digestibility nwere ike ịkọwa mmụba a na-akọ na arụmọrụ na-eto eto na ọnụego mgbanwe nri nke ezì agbakwunyere na betaine nri. iji nọgide na-enwe nrụgide osmotic intracellular, ọchịchọ nke nfuli ion na-ebelata, nke bụ usoro na-achọ ume. N'ihe banyere oriri ike dị oke, a na-atụ anya ka mmetụta nke ịgbakwunye betain ga-apụtawanye ìhè site n'ịbawanye ike na-enye ume maka uto karịa ka ọ na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè. mmezi.
Mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial nke na-ekpuchi mgbidi eriri afọ kwesịrị ịnagide ọnọdụ osmotic dị ukwuu nke na-eme ka ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke na-emepụta n'oge mgbaze nri. Iji chebe mkpụrụ ndụ pụọ n'ọnọdụ ndị a siri ike, betaine bụ ihe dị mkpa organic penetrant. Mgbe ị na-elele ntinye nke betaine na anụ ahụ dị iche iche, ọdịnaya nke betaine dị na anụ ahụ eriri afọ dị oke elu. Na mgbakwunye, a chọpụtala na ọkwa ndị a na-emetụta. Site na ntinye uche betaine nri. sel ndị na-edozi ahụ nke ọma ga-enwe ọganihu dị mma na ikike mgbake ka mma. Ya mere, ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na ịba ụba betaine nke piglets na-abawanye elu nke duodenal villi na omimi nke crypts ileal, na villi na-adịkwa edo.
N'ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ, enwere ike ịhụ mmụba nke villi dị elu na duodenum, jejunum, na ileum, ma ọ dịghị mmetụta ọ bụla na omimi nke crypts. Dị ka a na-ahụ na ọkụkọ broiler bu ọrịa coccidia, mmetụta nchebe nke betaine na ya. Nhazi eriri afọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa karịa n'okpuru ụfọdụ ihe ịma aka (osmotic).
Ihe mgbochi eriri afọ na-abụkarị nke mkpụrụ ndụ epithelial, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ibe ya site na protein njikọ siri ike. The iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ihe mgbochi a dị oké mkpa iji gbochie ntinye nke ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na nje bacteria, nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ. N'ihi na ezì, adịghị mma. mmetụta nke mgbochi eriri afọ a na-ewere dị ka nsonaazụ nke mycotoxin n'ime nri nri, ma ọ bụ otu n'ime mmetụta ọjọọ nke nrụgide okpomọkụ.
Iji tụọ mmetụta na mmetụta mgbochi ahụ, a na-ejikarị ule in vitro nke ahịrị sel iji tụọ ihe mgbochi eletriki transepithelial (TEER) .Site na ngwa betaine, enwere ike ịhụ TEER dị mma na ọtụtụ nnwale in vitro. Mgbe batrị dị. ekpughere na okpomọkụ dị elu (42 Celsius C), TEER ga-ebelata (Nyocha 2) Mgbakwunye nke betain na-eto eto nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị a na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka TEER belata, na-egosi mmụba okpomọkụ.
Ọgụgụ 2-In vitro mmetụta nke oke okpomọkụ na betain na cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Na mgbakwunye, na nyocha in vivo na piglets, a tụrụ mmụba nke protein njikọ siri ike (occludin, claudin1, na zonula occludens-1) na anụ ahụ jejunum nke anụmanụ natara 1,250 mg/kg betaine ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị njikwa. Na mgbakwunye, dị ka akara nke mmebi nke eriri afọ nke eriri afọ, ọrụ diamine oxidase na plasma nke ezi ndị a belatara nke ukwuu, na-egosi ihe mgbochi eriri afọ siri ike. Mgbe a na-agbakwunye betaine na nri nke ezì na-eto eto, mmụba nke ike nkwụsị nke eriri afọ. e tụrụ atụ n’oge e gburu ya.
N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ejikọtala betaine na sistemu antioxidant ma kọwaa mbelata radicals free, mbelata ọkwa nke malondialdehyde (MDA), yana nkwalite ọrụ glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine abụghị naanị na-eme dị ka osmoprotectant na anụmanụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọtụtụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịgbakọ betaine site na de novo synthesis ma ọ bụ njem site na gburugburu ebe obibi. E nwere ihe ịrịba ama na betaine nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị mma na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria na eriri afọ nke piglets arapụ ara. .Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nje bacteria ileal, karịsịa bifidobacteria na lactobacilli, abawanyela. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a chọtara obere Enterobacter na nsị.
N'ikpeazụ, a na-achọpụta na mmetụta nke betaine na ahụ ike nke eriri afọ nke piglets a napụrụ ara bụ mbelata ọnụọgụ afọ ọsịsa. Mmetụta a nwere ike ịdabere na dose: ihe mgbakwunye nri 2,500 mg / kg betaine dị irè karịa 1,250 mg / kg betaine. na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ ọsịsa. Otú ọ dị, arụmọrụ nke piglets arapụpụrụ ara na ọkwa mgbakwunye abụọ ahụ yiri nke ahụ. Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ egosiwo na mgbe 800 mg / kg nke betain na-agbakwunye, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke afọ ọsịsa na-adị ala.
Betaine nwere uru pKa dị ala nke ihe dịka 1.8, nke na-eduga na mwepu nke betaine HCl mgbe ọ risịrị nri, na-eduga na acidification gastric.
Nri na-adọrọ mmasị bụ ike acidification nke betaine hydrochloride dị ka isi iyi nke betaine.Na nkà mmụta ọgwụ mmadụ, betaine HCl supplements na-ejikarị na pepsin na-akwado ndị nwere nsogbu afọ na nsogbu mgbaze. N'okwu a, betaine hydrochloride nwere ike iji dị ka betaine hydrochloride. Ebe nchekwa hydrochloric acid. N'agbanyeghị na enweghị ozi na ihe onwunwe a mgbe betaine hydrochloride dị na nri piglet, ọ nwere ike ịdị ezigbo mkpa.
A maara nke ọma na pH nke ihe ọṅụṅụ gastric nke piglets wepụrụ ara nwere ike ịdị elu (pH> 4), nke ga-emetụta ọrụ nke pepsin precursor na precursor pepsinogen. Nri protein kacha mma abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa maka ụmụ anụmanụ iji nweta ezigbo nnweta. Na mgbakwunye, protein mgbaze nwere ike ime ka mmụba na-emerụ ahụ nke nje ndị na-akpata ohere ma mee ka nsogbu nke afọ ọsịsa na-ahapụ ya.Betaine nwere obere pKa uru nke ihe dị ka 1.8, nke na-eduga ná mwepu nke betaine HCl mgbe ọ risịrị nri, na-eduga na gastric. acidification.
Achọpụtala nkwụghachi azụ a dị mkpirikpi na nyocha mbụ na ụmụ mmadụ na ọmụmụ ihe na nkịta. Mgbe otu dose nke 750 mg ma ọ bụ 1,500 mg nke betaine hydrochloride, pH nke afọ nke nkịta na-emeso ya na gastric acid na-ebelata ihe na-ebelata nke ukwuu site na. banyere 7 ruo pH 2. Otú ọ dị, na nkịta na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, pH nke afọ dị ihe dị ka 2, nke na-ejikọtaghị na betain HCl supplementation.
Betaine nwere mmetụta dị mma na ahụ ike nke eriri afọ nke piglets arapụpụrụ ara. Nyochaa akwụkwọ a na-egosipụta ohere dị iche iche maka betaine iji kwado mgbaze nri na absorption, meziwanye ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, na-emetụta microbiota, na ịkwalite ikike nchebe nke piglets.