I-Betaine iyinhlanganisela eyenzeka ngokwemvelo esatshalaliswa kabanzi ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni.Njengesengezo sokuphakelayo, inikezwa ngendlela ye-anhydrous noma i-hydrochloride.Ingengezwa ekudleni kwezilwane ngezinjongo ezihlukahlukene.
Okokuqala, lezi zinhloso zingase zihlotshaniswe nekhono eliphumelelayo kakhulu le-methyl donor ye-betaine, eyenzeka ngokuyinhloko esibindi.Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqembu e-methyl angazinzile, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlanganisela ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine ne-creatine iyakhuthazwa. Ngale ndlela, i-betaine ithinta amaprotheni, i-lipid ne-metabolism yamandla, ngaleyo ndlela iguqule ngokunenzuzo ukwakheka kwesidumbu.
Okwesibili, inhloso yokwengeza i-betaine ekudleni ingase ihlotshaniswe nomsebenzi wayo njenge-penetrant evikelayo ye-organic.Kulo msebenzi, i-betaine isiza amangqamuzana kuwo wonke umzimba ukuthi alondoloze ibhalansi yamanzi kanye nokusebenza kwamangqamuzana, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka.Isibonelo esaziwayo ukuthi umphumela omuhle we-betaine ezilwaneni ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokushisa.
Ezingulubeni, kuye kwachazwa imiphumela ehlukahlukene enenzuzo ye-betaine supplementation.Le ndatshana izogxila endimeni ye-betaine njengesithasiselo sokuphakelayo empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe.
Ucwaningo oluningana lwe-betaine luye lwabika umphumela ekugayweni kwezakhi ku-ileum noma umzila wokugaya ngokuphelele wezingulube. Ukubhekwa okuphindaphindiwe kokukhuphuka kwe-ileal digestibility ye-fiber (i-fibre engcolile noma i-neutral ne-acid detergent fiber) kubonisa ukuthi i-betaine ivuselela ukuvutshelwa kwama-bacteria asevele ekhona. emathunjini amancane, ngoba amangqamuzana amathumbu awakhiqizi i-fiber-degrading enzymes.Ingxenye ye-fiber yesitshalo iqukethe izakhi, ezingakhululwa ngesikhathi sokuwohloka kwalesi fibre microbial.
Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwento eyomile kanye nokugayeka kokudla komlotha ongahluziwe nakho kwaqashelwa.Ezingeni eliphelele lomzila wokugaya ukudla, kubikwe ukuthi amazinyane engulube ahlanganiswe nokudla okungu-800 mg betaine/kg athuthuke amaprotheni aluhlaza (+6.4%) kanye nezinto ezomile (+4.2% ) ukugaya ukudla.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo oluhlukile lubonise ukuthi ngokufaka i-betaine engu-1,250 mg/kg, ukubonakala okuphelele kokugayeka kokudla kwamaprotheni angcolile (+3.7%) kanye ne-ether extract (+6.7%) kwathuthukiswa.
Esinye isizathu esingaba isizathu sokwanda kokugayeka kokudla okunomsoco umphumela we-betaine ekukhiqizweni kwe-enzyme.Ocwaningweni lwakamuva lwe-vivo lokwengezwa kwe-betaine ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe, umsebenzi wama-enzyme okugaya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin ne-chymotrypsin) ku-chyme kwahlolwa (Umfanekiso 1) .Wonke ama-enzyme ngaphandle kwe-maltase abonise umsebenzi owandayo, futhi umphumela we-betaine wawubonakala kakhulu ku-2,500 mg betaine / kg feed kune-1,250 mg / kg. Ukwanda komsebenzi kungase kube umphumela wokwanda. ekukhiqizeni ama-enzyme, noma kungase kube umphumela wokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwe-enzyme.
Umfanekiso 1-Umsebenzi we-enzyme yokugaya emathunjini wengulube engezwe ngo-0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg noma 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-in vitro, kwafakazelwa ukuthi ngokungeza i-NaCl ukukhiqiza ingcindezi ephezulu ye-osmotic, i-trypsin kanye nemisebenzi ye-amylase yavinjelwa.Ukwengeza amazinga ahlukene e-betaine kulokhu kuhlolwa kubuyisele umphumela wokuvimbela we-NaCl kanye nokwandisa umsebenzi we-enzyme.Nokho, lapho i-NaCl ingekho ingezwe kusixazululo se-buffer, i-betaine ayithinti umsebenzi we-enzyme ekugxilweni okuphansi, kodwa ibonisa umphumela wokuvimbela ekugxilweni okuphezulu.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukwanda kokugaya ukudla okungachaza ukwanda okubikiwe ekusebenzeni kokukhula kanye nezinga lokuguqulwa kokuphakelayo kwezingulube ezihambisana ne-betaine yokudla.Ukwengeza i-betaine ekudleni kwezingulube nakho kunciphisa izidingo zamandla okugcinwa kwesilwane.I-hypothesis yalo mphumela ophawuliwe ukuthi lapho i-betaine ingasetshenziswa. ukugcina ingcindezi ye-osmotic ye-intracellular, isidingo samaphampu e-ion siyancishiswa, okuyinqubo edinga amandla.Endabeni yokuthatha amandla alinganiselwe, umphumela wokwengeza i-betaine kulindeleke ukuthi ubonakale kakhulu ngokwandisa ukunikezwa kwamandla okukhula kunokuba ukunakekela.
Amangqamuzana e-epithelial ahlanganisa udonga lwamathumbu adinga ukubhekana nezimo ze-osmotic eziguquguqukayo kakhulu ezikhiqizwa okuqukethwe okukhanyayo ngesikhathi sokugaya izakhi. ukuze kuvikelwe amangqamuzana kulezi zimo eziyinselele, i-betaine iyingxenye ebalulekile yezinto eziphilayo.Lapho kubhekwa ukugcwala kwe-betaine ezicutshini ezihlukene, okuqukethwe kwe-betaine ezicutshini zamathumbu kuphezulu kakhulu.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi la mazinga ayathinteka. ngokuhlushwa kwe-betaine yokudla.Amaseli alinganisela kahle azoba nokwanda okungcono kanye nekhono lokubuyisela kangcono.Ngakho-ke, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukwandisa izinga le-betaine lezingulube kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kanye nokujula kwe-ileal crypts, futhi i-villi ifana kakhulu.
Kolunye ucwaningo, ukwanda kokuphakama kwe-villi ku-duodenum, i-jejunum, ne-ileum kungabonwa, kodwa akuzange kube nomphumela ekujuleni kwama-crypts.Njengoba kuphawulwe ezinkukhu ze-broiler ezitheleleke nge-coccidia, umphumela wokuvikela we-betaine ukwakheka kwamathumbu kungase kubaluleke nakakhulu ngaphansi kwezinselele ezithile (i-osmotic).
Isithiyo samathumbu ngokuyinhloko sakhiwe amangqamuzana e-epithelial, axhunywe komunye nomunye ngamaprotheni ahlangene aqinile.Ubuqotho balesi sivimbeli kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto eziyingozi kanye namabhaktheriya e-pathogenic, okungenzeka kubangele ukuvuvukala.Ngezingulube, okungalungile. umthelela wesivimbelo samathumbu uthathwa njengomphumela wokungcoliswa kwe-mycotoxin ekuphakeleni, noma omunye wemiphumela emibi yokucindezeleka kokushisa.
Ukuze kukalwe umthelela kumphumela wokuvimbela, ukuhlola kwe-in vitro kwemigqa yeseli kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukala ukumelana nogesi we-transepithelial (TEER). Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-betaine, i-TEER ethuthukisiwe ingabonwa ekuhlolweni okuningi kwe-in vitro.Lapho ibhethri likhona evezwe ekushiseni okuphezulu (42 ° C), i-TEER izokwehla (Umfanekiso 2) .Ukwengezwa kwe-betaine endaweni yokukhula yalawa maseli achayeke ekushiseni kuphikisane nokuncipha kwe-TEER, okubonisa ukwanda kokumelana nokushisa.
Umfanekiso 2-In vitro imiphumela yokushisa okuphezulu kanye ne-betaine ku-cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Ukwengeza, ocwaningweni lwe-vivo kuma-piglets, ukubonakaliswa okwandisiwe kwamaprotheni ahlanganayo aqinile (i-occludin, i-claudin1, ne-zonula occludens-1) kuzicubu ze-jejunum zezilwane ezithole i-1,250 mg/kg betaine kukalwa uma kuqhathaniswa neqembu lokulawula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengophawu lokulimala kwe-mucosal emathunjini, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase ku-plasma yalezi zingulube wehliswa kakhulu, okubonisa isithiyo esinamandla samathumbu. yalinganiswa ngesikhathi sokuhlatshwa.
Muva nje, izifundo ezimbalwa ziye zaxhumanisa i-betaine ohlelweni lwe-antioxidant futhi zachaza ukunciphisa ama-radicals mahhala, amazinga ancishisiwe we-malondialdehyde (MDA), nomsebenzi othuthukisiwe we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
I-Betaine ayigcini nje ngokusebenza njenge-osmoprotectant ezilwaneni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagciwane amaningi angaqongelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis noma ukuthutha kusuka endaweni ezungezile.Kunezimpawu zokuthi i-betaine ingaba nomthelela omuhle enanini lamagciwane emgudwini wamathumbu wamaphuphu alunyuliwe. .Inani eliphelele lamagciwane e-ileal, ikakhulukazi i-bifidobacteria ne-lactobacilli, liye landa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani aphansi e-Enterobacter atholakala endle.
Okokugcina, kuyabonakala ukuthi umphumela we-betaine empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe ukwehla kwezinga lohudo.Lo mphumela ungase uncike kumthamo: isithasiselo sokudla esingu-2,500 mg/kg betaine sisebenza kangcono kune-1,250 mg/kg betaine ukunciphisa izinga lohudo.Kodwa-ke, ukusebenza kwezingulube ezilunyuliwe emazingeni amabili okungezelela kwakufana.Abanye abacwaningi baye babonisa ukuthi lapho i-800 mg/kg ye-betaine yengezwa, izinga kanye nesigameko sohudo ezingulubeni ezilunyuliwe siphansi.
I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elingaba ngu-1.8, okuholela ekuhlukaneni kwe-betaine HCl ngemva kokuyidla, okuholela ekugayweni kwe-asidi esiswini.
Ukudla okuthakazelisayo i-acidification engaba khona ye-betaine hydrochloride njengomthombo we-betaine.Emithini yabantu, izithasiselo ze-betaine HCl zivame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-pepsin ukusekela abantu abanezinkinga zesisu kanye nezinkinga zokugaya ukudla.Kulokhu, i-betaine hydrochloride ingasetshenziswa njenge umthombo ophephile we-hydrochloric acid.Nakuba lungekho ulwazi kulesi sakhiwo lapho i-betaine hydrochloride iqukethe okuphakelayo kwezingulube, kungase kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kwaziwa kahle ukuthi i-pH yejusi yesisu yezingulube elunyuliwe ingase ibe phezulu (pH>4), okuzophazamisa ukusebenza kwe-pepsin precursor to its precursor pepsinogen.Ukugaya amaprotheni okuhamba phambili akubalulekile kuphela ezilwaneni ukuze zithole ukutholakala okuhle kwalesi sakhi.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphrotheni yokungagayeki ingabangela ukwanda okuyingozi kwamagciwane angosomathuba futhi kwandise inkinga yohudo lwangemva kokulunyulwa.I-Betaine inenani eliphansi le-pKa elilinganiselwa ku-1.8, okuholela ekuhlakazweni kwe-betaine HCl ngemva kokuyidla, okuholela esiswini. i-acidification.
Lokhu kuvuselelwa kabusha kwe-acidity yesikhashana kuye kwabonwa ocwaningweni lokuqala kubantu nasezifundweni ezinjeni.Ngemva komthamo owodwa wama-750 mg noma 1,500 mg we-betaine hydrochloride, i-pH yesisu sezinja ngaphambilini ezazilashwe ngama-ejenti anciphisa i-asidi esiswini yehla kakhulu. mayelana ne-7 kuya ku-pH 2.Nokho, ezinjeni zokulawula ezingalashwa, i-pH yesisu yayimayelana ne-2, eyayingahlobene ne-betaine HCl supplementation.
I-Betaine inomphumela omuhle empilweni yamathumbu ezingulube ezilunyuliwe.Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kuqokomisa amathuba ahlukene e-betaine ukusekela ukugayeka kokudla kanye nokumuncwa kwezakhi, ukuthuthukisa izithiyo zokuzivikela ezingokomzimba, kuthonye i-microbiota, kanye nokuthuthukisa amakhono okuzivikela ezingulube.