Betaine chinhu chinongoitika chega chinoparadzirwa zvakanyanya muzvirimwa nemhuka. Sekuwedzera kwekudya, inopihwa muanhydrous kana hydrochloride fomu.Inogona kuwedzerwa kune chikafu chemhuka nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana.
Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinangwa izvi zvingave zvakabatana neiyo inobatsira zvikuru methyl donor kukwanisa kwe betaine, iyo inonyanya kuitika muchiropa.Nekuda kwekuendeswa kwemapoka e-methyl asina kugadzikana, kusanganiswa kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana yakadai se methionine, carnitine uye creatine inokurudzirwa. Nenzira iyi, betaine inokanganisa mapuroteni, lipid uye simba metabolism, nekudaro zvinobatsira kushandura chimiro chechitunha.
Chechipiri, chinangwa chekuwedzera betaine muchikafu chinogona kunge chakabatana nebasa rayo sechidziviriro chemukati chinopinda.Mubasa iri, betaine inobatsira masero mumuviri wose kuchengetedza kuenzanisa kwemvura uye kushandiswa kwesero, kunyanya panguva dzekutambudzika.Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndewe mhedzisiro yakanaka ye betaine pamhuka dziri pasi pekunetseka kwekupisa.
Munguruve, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira zve betaine supplementation zvakatsanangurwa.Chinyorwa ichi chichatarisa basa re betaine sekuwedzera kwekudya muhutano hwematumbo enguruve dzakarumurwa.
Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dzebetaine dzakashuma kukanganisa kwekudya kwezvokudya muileamu kana kuti chidimbu chekudya chenguruve. Kudzokororwa kudzokororwa kwekuwedzera kweleal digestibility ye fiber (crude fiber kana neutral uye acid detergent fiber) inoratidza kuti betaine inokurudzira kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya ikozvino. mumatumbo maduku, nokuti masero emukati haabudisi fiber-degrading enzymes.Iyo fiber chikamu chemuti ine mishonga, iyo inogona kusunungurwa panguva yekuparara kweiyo microbial fiber.
Nokudaro, kuvandudzwa kwakaoma uye crude ash digestibility yakaonekwawo.Pachikamu chese chekudya, zvakataurwa kuti nguruve dzakawedzerwa ne 800 mg betaine / kg kudya dzakavandudza crude protein (+ 6.4%) uye yakaoma (+ 4.2% ) digestibility.Mukuwedzera, chidzidzo chakasiyana chakaratidza kuti nekuwedzera ne 1,250 mg / kg betaine, iyo inooneka yakazara digestibility ye crude protein (+ 3.7%) uye ether extract (+ 6.7%) yakagadziridzwa.
Chimwe chikonzero chekuwedzera kwekuwedzera kwekudya kwekudya ndeye mhedzisiro ye betaine pakugadzirwa kwe enzyme.Muchidzidzo chechangobva kuitika mu vivo pamusoro pekuwedzerwa kwe betaine kune nguruve dzakarumurwa, basa rekudya ma enzymes (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin uye chymotrypsin). mu chyme yakaongororwa (Mufananidzo 1) .Ese enzymes kunze kwemaltase yakaratidza kuwedzera kwebasa, uye mhedzisiro ye betaine yainyanya kutaurwa pa 2,500 mg betaine / kg feed pane 1,250 mg / kg. Kuwedzera kwebasa kunogona kuva chikonzero chekuwedzera. mukugadzirwa kwe enzyme, kana inogona kunge iri mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kweiyo catalytic kugona kweiyo enzyme.
Mufananidzo 1-Intestinal digestive enzyme basa renguruve rinowedzerwa ne 0 mg / kg, 1,250 mg / kg kana 2,500 mg / kg betaine.
In in vitro experiments, yakaratidza kuti nekuwedzera NaCl kuti ibudise high osmotic pressure, trypsin uye amylase mabasa zvakadziviswa.Kuwedzera maitiro akasiyana-siyana e betaine kumuedzo uyu kwakadzorera inhibitory effect yeNaCl uye kuwedzera kwekuita enzyme.Zvisinei, apo NaCl isiri iyo. yakawedzerwa kune mhinduro yebuffer, betaine haikanganisi basa re enzyme pane yakaderera, asi inoratidza inhibitory mhedzisiro pane yakakwira concentration.
Kwete chete kuwedzera kwekudya kunogona kutsanangura kuwedzera kwakataurwa mukukura kwekuita uye kushanduka kwekudya kwenguruve kunowedzera nekudya betaine.Kuwedzera betaine kune kudya kwenguruve kunoderedzawo kuchengetedza kwemhuka kwesimba zvinodiwa.Kufungidzira kwechiitiko ichi chakaonekwa ndechokuti kana betaine inogona kushandiswa. kuchengetedza intracellular osmotic pressure, kudiwa kwemapombi e-ion kunoderedzwa, iyo inzira inoda simba.Panyaya yesimba shoma rekudya, mhedzisiro yekuwedzera betaine inotarisirwa kuve yakanyanya kutaurwa nekuwedzera simba rekuwedzera kwekukura kwete. kuchengetedza.
Maseru epithelial akavhara madziro emukati anofanirwa kutarisana neyakasiyana-siyana osmotic mamiriro anokonzerwa ne luminal mukati mukati mekudya kwekudya. Panguva imwecheteyo, masero emukati emukati anoda kudzora kuchinjika kwemvura uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekudya pakati pe intestinal lumen uye plasma.In kuitira kuchengetedza masero kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma aya, betaine inokosha inopinda mukati.Pakucherechedza kusanganiswa kwebetaine mumasumbu akasiyana-siyana, zvinyorwa zvebetaine mumatumbo emukati zvakanyanya. nekudya kwebetaine concentration.Masero akaenzana achave nekuwedzera kuri nani uye zviri nani kupora masimba.Saka, vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti kuwedzera betaine level yenguruve kunowedzera kukwirira kwe duodenal villi uye kudzika kweileal crypts, uye villi yakawanda yunifomu.
Mune imwe ongororo, kuwedzera kwehurefu hwe villi mu duodenum, jejunum, uye ileum inogona kuonekwa, asi pakanga pasina kukanganisa pakadzika kwe crypts. maumbirwo ematumbo angave akanyanya kukosha pasi pemamwe matambudziko (osmotic).
Iyo intestinal barriers inonyanya kuumbwa nemasero epithelial, ayo akabatanidzwa kune rimwe nerimwe nemapuroteni akaoma.Kutendeseka kwechipingamupinyi ichi kunokosha kudzivirira kupinda kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye mabhakitiriya epathogenic, izvo zvingakonzera kuzvimba.Kune nguruve, iyo yakaipa. Kukanganisa kwechivharo chemukati kunoonekwa semhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kwemycotoxin muchikafu, kana imwe yemhedzisiro yekushushikana kwekupisa.
Kuti kuyera kukanganisa kwechivharo chekuita, in vitro bvunzo dzemasero mitsara inowanzoshandiswa kuyera transepithelial magetsi kuramba (TEER) .Nekushandiswa kwebetaine, yakagadziridzwa TEER inogona kutariswa mune akawanda in vitro kuyedza.Kana bhatiri riripo. yakaratidzwa kune kupisa kwepamusoro (42 ° C), TEER ichaderera (Mufananidzo 2) .Kuwedzerwa kwebetaine kusvikiro rekukura kwemasero aya anopisa anopisa anopesana nekuderera kweTEER, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kupisa.
Mufananidzo 2-In vitro mhedzisiro yekupisa kwakanyanya uye betaine pane cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Mukuwedzera, mune in vivo kudzidza munguruve, kuwedzera kwekutaura kwemapuroteni akaoma (occludin, claudin1, uye zonula occludens-1) mujejunum tissue yemhuka yakagamuchira 1,250 mg / kg betaine yakayerwa kana ichienzaniswa neboka rinodzora. Mukuwedzera, sechiratidzo chekukuvara kwemukati mucosal, basa re diamine oxidase mu plasma yenguruve idzi rakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza simba remukati rakasimba. yakayerwa panguva yekuuraya.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakabatanidza betaine kune antioxidant system uye yakatsanangura kuderedzwa kwemahara radicals, kuderedzwa kwemazinga emalondialdehyde (MDA), uye yakagadziridzwa glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) basa.
Betaine haingoite seosmoprotectant mumhuka.Mukuwedzera, mabhakitiriya akawanda anogona kuunganidza betaine kuburikidza ne de novo synthesis kana kutakura kubva kune zvakatipoteredza.Pane zviratidzo zvekuti betaine inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka pahuwandu hwebhakitiriya mudumbu renguruve dzakarumurwa. .Nhamba yose yealeal bacteria, kunyanya bifidobacteria uye lactobacilli, yakawedzera. Uyezve, zvishoma zvishoma zveEnterobacter zvakawanikwa mumarara.
Pakupedzisira, zvinoonekwa kuti mhedzisiro ye betaine pahutano hwematumbo enguruve dzakarumurwa ndiko kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwemanyoka.Ichi chiitiko chinogona kunge chinoenderana nedoro: chikafu chekudya 2,500 mg / kg betaine inoshanda kupfuura 1,250 mg / kg betaine mu. kuderedza uwandu hwemanyoka.Zvisinei, kushanda kwenguruve dzakarumurwa pamatanho maviri ekuwedzera kwakafanana.Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaratidza kuti kana 800 mg / kg ye betaine yakawedzerwa, chiyero uye chiitiko chechirwere munguruve dzakarumurwa yakaderera.
Betaine ine yakaderera pKa kukosha inosvika 1.8, izvo zvinotungamira mukuparadzaniswa kwebetaine HCl mushure mekudya, zvichiita kuti gastric acidification.
Chikafu chinonakidza ndicho chinogona kuita acidification ye betaine hydrochloride sechitubu che betaine.Mumishonga yevanhu, betaine HCl supplements inowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete nepepsin kutsigira vanhu vane matambudziko emudumbu uye matambudziko ekudya.Munyaya iyi, betaine hydrochloride inogona kushandiswa se tsime rakachengeteka rehydrochloric acid.Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo nezvenzvimbo iyi kana betaine hydrochloride iri mukudya kwenguruve, inogona kunge yakakosha.
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti pH yemudumbu wenguruve yakarumurwa inogona kunge yakakwira (pH> 4), izvo zvinozokanganisa activation yepepsin precursor kune precursor pepsinogen.Optimal protein digestion haina kukosha chete kuti mhuka dziwane kuwanikwa kwakanaka. chekudya ichi.Uyezve, puroteni yekusadya inogona kukonzera kukuvadza kupararira kwezvirwere zvinongoitika uye kuwedzera dambudziko remanyoka mushure mekurumurwa.Betaine ine pKa yakakosha inenge 1.8, iyo inokonzera kuparadzaniswa kwebetaine HCl mushure mekudya, zvichiita kuti gastric. acidification.
Iyi yenguva pfupi reacidification yakaonekwa mukutanga kudzidza muvanhu uye zvidzidzo mumbwa.Mushure memwero imwe chete ye750 mg kana 1,500 mg ye betaine hydrochloride, pH yemudumbu wembwa yakamborapwa negastric acid inoderedza maajenti yakadonha zvakanyanya kubva. anenge 7 kusvika pH 2.Zvisinei, mumbwa dzisina kubatwa dzinodzora, pH yemudumbu yaiva inenge 2, iyo yakanga isingabatanidzi ne betaine HCl supplementation.
Betaine ine simba rakanaka pahutano hwematumbo enguruve dzakarumurwa.Ichi chinyorwa chekuongorora chinoratidza mikana yakasiyana-siyana ye betaine kutsigira kudya kwekudya uye kutora, kunatsiridza zvipingamupinyi zvekudzivirira muviri, kukanganisa microbiota, uye kuwedzera masimba ekudzivirira enguruve.