Betaine ni ibintu bisanzwe biboneka bikwirakwizwa cyane mu bimera no ku nyamaswa.Nk'inyongera y'ibiryo, itangwa muburyo bwa anhydrous cyangwa hydrochloride.Irashobora kongerwaho ibiryo byamatungo kubintu bitandukanye.
Mbere ya byose, izi ntego zirashobora kuba zifitanye isano nubushobozi bwa methyl butanga ubushobozi bwa betaine, bugaragara cyane cyane mu mwijima. Bitewe no kwimura amatsinda ya methyl adahungabana, guhuza ibice bitandukanye nka methionine, karnitine na creine bitezwa imbere. Muri ubu buryo, betaine igira ingaruka kuri poroteyine, lipide na metabolisme yingufu, bityo bigahindura neza ibice byintumbi.
Icya kabiri, intego yo kongeramo betaine mubiryo irashobora kuba ifitanye isano nimirimo yayo yo gukingira ibinyabuzima byinjira.Muri iki gikorwa, betaine ifasha ingirabuzimafatizo umubiri wose gukomeza kuringaniza amazi nibikorwa bya selile, cyane cyane mugihe cyibibazo.Urugero ruzwi ni Ingaruka nziza ya betaine ku nyamaswa munsi yubushyuhe.
Mu ngurube, hasobanuwe ingaruka zitandukanye zinyongera ziyongera kuri betaine.Iyi ngingo izibanda ku ruhare rwa betaine nk'inyongera y'ibiryo mu buzima bwo mu mara bw'ingurube zonsa.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa betaine bwerekanye ingaruka ku igogorwa ryintungamubiri muri ileum cyangwa inzira zose zifungura ingurube. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe inshuro nyinshi bwiyongera bwibiryo bya fibre (fibre fibre cyangwa neutre na aside detergent fibre) byerekana ko betaine itera fermentation ya bagiteri isanzwe ihari mu mara mato, kubera ko ingirabuzimafatizo zo mu nda zidatanga imisemburo yangiza fibre. Igice cya fibre y'igihingwa kirimo intungamubiri, zishobora kurekurwa mugihe cyo kwangirika kwa fibre mikorobe.
Kubwibyo rero, ibintu byumye byumye hamwe nigogorwa ryivu ryivu nabyo byagaragaye.Ku rwego rwinzira zose zifungura igifu, havuzwe ko ingurube zongewemo 800 mg betaine / kg indyo yuzuye zahinduye proteine ​​(+ 6.4%) nibintu byumye (+ 4.2% .
Imwe mu mpamvu zishoboka zituma ubwiyongere bw'intungamubiri bugaragara ni ingaruka za betaine ku musemburo wa enzyme.Mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa na vivo ku kongeramo betaine ku ngurube zonsa, ibikorwa by'imisemburo y'ibiryo (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) muri chyme hasuzumwe (Isanamu 1) .Imisemburo yose usibye maltase yerekanaga ibikorwa byiyongereye, kandi ingaruka za betaine zagaragaye cyane ku biryo bya mg 2,500 mg / kg kuruta kuri 1,250 mg / kg.Ubwiyongere bwibikorwa bushobora kuba ingaruka zo kwiyongera. mu musemburo wa enzyme, cyangwa birashobora kuba ibisubizo byiyongera mubikorwa bya catalitiki ya enzyme.
Igicapo 1-Igikorwa c'imyunyu ngugu yo mu mara yingurube yongerewe 0 mg / kg, 1,250 mg / kg cyangwa 2,500 mg / kg betaine.
Mu bushakashatsi bwa vitro, byagaragaye ko mu kongeramo NaCl kugira ngo habeho umuvuduko mwinshi wa osmotic, ibikorwa bya trypsin na amylase byabujijwe.Kongera urwego rutandukanye rwa betaine muri iki kizamini byagaruye ingaruka zo kubuza NaCl no kongera ibikorwa bya enzyme.Nyamara, iyo NaCl itari wongeyeho kubisubizo bya buffer, betaine ntabwo ihindura ibikorwa bya enzyme kumurongo wo hasi, ariko irerekana ingaruka zibuza kwibanda cyane.
Ntabwo gusa igogorwa ryiyongera rishobora gusobanura ubwiyongere bwatangajwe mubikorwa byo gukura no kugaburira ibiryo byingurube byongewemo na betaine yimirire. Kongera betaine mumirire yingurube nabyo bigabanya ingufu zokwitaho inyamaswa.Ibitekerezo kuri izi ngaruka zagaragaye ni uko mugihe betaine ishobora gukoreshwa gukomeza umuvuduko ukabije wa osmotic, icyifuzo cya pompe ion kiragabanuka, ninzira isaba ingufu.Mu bijyanye no gufata ingufu nke, biteganijwe ko ingaruka zo kuzuza betaine zizagaragara cyane mukwongera ingufu zitanga iterambere aho kuba kubungabunga.
Ingirabuzimafatizo ya epiteliyale iri ku rukuta rw'amara ikeneye guhangana n’imiterere ihindagurika cyane ya osmotic iterwa nibintu bya luminal mugihe cyo gusya kwintungamubiri.Mu gihe kimwe, utugingo ngengabuzima two mu mara dukeneye kugenzura ihanahana ry’amazi nintungamubiri zitandukanye hagati y amara na plasma.Muri gutondekanya kurinda selile zibi bihe bitoroshye, betaine ningirakamaro cyane yinjira mubutaka.Iyo witegereje ubunini bwa betaine mubice bitandukanye, ibirimo betaine mumyanya yo munda ni byinshi cyane. Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye ko izo nzego zigira ingaruka hamwe nimirire ya betaine yibiribwa. Ingirabuzimafatizo nziza zizagira ubwiyongere bwiza nubushobozi bwiza bwo gukira.Niyo mpamvu, abashakashatsi basanze kongera urwego rwa betaine yingurube byongera uburebure bwa villi duodenal hamwe nubujyakuzimu bwa ileal, kandi villi irasa.
Muyindi nyigo, kwiyongera k'uburebure bwa villi muri duodenum, jejunum, na ileum byashoboraga kugaragara, ariko nta ngaruka byagize ku bujyakuzimu bw'induru. Nkuko byagaragaye mu nkoko za broiler zanduye coccidia, ingaruka zo kurinda betaine kuri imiterere y'amara irashobora kuba ingenzi cyane mubibazo bimwe na bimwe (osmotic).
Inzitizi yo munda igizwe ahanini na selile epithelale, ihuza hamwe na poroteyine zifitanye isano. Ubusugire bwiyi bariyeri ni ngombwa kugirango hirindwe kwinjiza ibintu byangiza na bagiteri zitera indwara, byatera ubundi gutwika. Ku ngurube, mbi Ingaruka ya bariyeri yo munda ifatwa nkigisubizo cyanduye mycotoxine mu biryo, cyangwa imwe mu ngaruka mbi ziterwa nubushyuhe.
Kugirango bapime ingaruka ku ngaruka za barrière, muri vitro ibizamini byumurongo wa selile akenshi bikoreshwa mugupima amashanyarazi arwanya transepithelia (TEER) .Koresheje ikoreshwa rya betaine, TEER yateye imbere irashobora kugaragara mubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa vitro.Iyo bateri iri guhura nubushyuhe bwo hejuru (42 ° C), URUBYIRUKO ruzagabanuka (Igicapo 2) .Kwiyongera kwa betaine muburyo bwo gukura kwingirabuzimafatizo ziterwa nubushyuhe bwarwanyije TEER yagabanutse, byerekana ko ubushyuhe bwiyongera.
Igishushanyo 2-Muri vitro ingaruka zubushyuhe bwo hejuru na betaine kuri selile transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Byongeye kandi, mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na vivo mu ngurube, kwiyongera kwa poroteyine zihuza (occludin, claudin1, na zonula occludens-1) mu gice cya jejunum cy’inyamaswa zakiriye betaine 1,250 mg / kg zapimwe ugereranije nitsinda rishinzwe kugenzura. Byongeye kandi, nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwangirika kw'imitsi yo mu mara, ibikorwa bya oxydease ya diamine muri plasma y'izi ngurube byagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara, byerekana inzitizi ikomeye yo mu mara.Iyo betaine yongerwaga mu ndyo y'ingurube zikura-zikura, kwiyongera kw'imbaraga zo mu nda. yapimwe mugihe cyo kubaga.
Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwahujije betaine na sisitemu ya antioxydeant kandi isobanura kugabanuka kwa radicals yubuntu, kugabanya urugero rwa malondialdehyde (MDA), no kunoza ibikorwa bya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine ntabwo ikora nka osmoprotectant gusa mu nyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, bagiteri nyinshi zishobora kwegeranya betaine binyuze muri de novo synthesis cyangwa ubwikorezi buva mu bidukikije.Hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko betaine ishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku mubare wa bagiteri ziri mu nzira ya gastrointestinal yingurube zonsa .Umubare rusange wa bagiteri ya ileal, cyane cyane bifidobacteria na lactobacilli, wariyongereye. Byongeye kandi, umubare muto wa Enterobacter wabonetse mu mwanda.
Hanyuma, byaragaragaye ko ingaruka za betaine ku buzima bwo munda bw’ingurube zonsa ari ukugabanya igipimo cy’impiswi. Izi ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’imiti: inyongera yimirire 2500 mg / kg betaine ikora neza kurenza 1,250 mg / kg betaine muri kugabanya umuvuduko w'impiswi.Nyamara, imikorere y'ingurube zonsa ku nzego zombi zongeweho zari zisa.Abandi bashakashatsi berekanye ko iyo 800 mg / kg ya betaine hiyongereyeho, igipimo ndetse n'indwara ya diyare mu ngurube zonsa ziri hasi.
Betaine ifite agaciro ka pKa gafite hafi 1.8, biganisha ku gutandukana kwa betaine HCl nyuma yo kuyifata, biganisha kuri acide gastric.
Ibiryo bishimishije nibishobora kuba acide ya hydrochloride ya betaine nkisoko ya betaine.Mu buvuzi bwabantu, inyongera ya betaine HCl ikoreshwa kenshi hamwe na pepsin kugirango ifashe abantu bafite ibibazo byigifu nibibazo byigifu.Muri iki gihe, hydrochloride ya betaine irashobora gukoreshwa nka isoko yizewe ya acide hydrochloric.Nubwo nta makuru kuri uyu mutungo mugihe betaine hydrochloride iba mu biryo byingurube, birashobora kuba ingenzi cyane.
Birazwi neza ko pH yumutobe wigifu wingurube zonsa zishobora kuba ndende (pH> 4), ibyo bizagira ingaruka kumikorere ya pepsin preursor kuri preursor pepsinogen.Igogora rya poroteyine ntago ari ngombwa gusa kugirango inyamaswa ziboneke neza. y'iyi ntungamubiri. Byongeye kandi, proteine ​​indigestion irashobora gutera ikwirakwizwa ryangiza rya virusi itera amahirwe kandi ikongera ikibazo cyimpiswi nyuma yo konka.Betaine ifite pKa nkeya ifite agaciro ka 1.8, biganisha ku gutandukana kwa betaine HCl nyuma yo kuyifata, biganisha kuri gastric acide.
Uku kwisubiraho kwigihe gito byagaragaye mubushakashatsi bwibanze kubantu no mubushakashatsi bwimbwa.Nyuma yumuti umwe wa mg 750 cyangwa mg 1.500 ya betaine hydrochloride, pH yinda yimbwa yabanje kuvurwa na acide gastricike yagabanutse cyane bivuye kuri hafi 7 kugeza kuri pH 2.Nyamara, mu mbwa zigenzura zitavuwe, pH yigifu yari nka 2, itari ifitanye isano ninyongera ya betaine HCl.
Betaine igira ingaruka nziza kubuzima bwo munda bwingurube zonsa.Iyi nyandiko isubiramo yerekana amahirwe atandukanye ya betaine yo gushyigikira igogorwa ryintungamubiri no kuyinjiza, kunoza inzitizi zo kurinda umubiri, kugira ingaruka kuri microbiota, no kongera ubushobozi bwo kurinda ingurube.