I-Betaine yinto eyenzeka ngokwemvelo isasazwe ngokubanzi kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Njengesongezo sokutya, inikezelwa nge-anhydrous okanye i-hydrochloride form.Ingongezwa kwisondlo sezilwanyana ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Okokuqala, ezi njongo zinokuthi zihambelane nesakhono esisebenzayo se-methyl donor ye-betaine, eyenzeka kakhulu kwisibindi.Ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamaqela e-methyl engazinzanga, ukuhlanganiswa kweengqungquthela ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-methionine, i-carnitine kunye ne-creatine iyakhuthazwa. Ngale ndlela, i-betaine ichaphazela iprotheni, i-lipid kunye ne-metabolism yamandla, ngaloo ndlela iguqula ngokunenzuzo ukubunjwa kwesidumbu.
Okwesibini, injongo yokongeza i-betaine kwisondlo inokuhambelana nomsebenzi wayo njengento ekhuselayo ye-organic penetrant.Kulo msebenzi, i-betaine inceda iiseli kuwo wonke umzimba ukugcina ukulinganisela kwamanzi kunye nomsebenzi weseli, ngakumbi ngexesha loxinzelelo.Umzekelo owaziwayo ngulo. isiphumo esihle se-betaine kwizilwanyana eziphantsi koxinzelelo lobushushu.
Kwiihagu, iziphumo eziluncedo ezahlukeneyo ze-betaine supplementation ziye zachazwa.Eli nqaku liza kugxila kwindima ye-betaine njengesongezo sokutya kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo.
Izifundo ezininzi ze-betaine zichaze umphumo wokugaya izondlo kwi-ileum okanye i-digestive tract epheleleyo yeehagu. Ukuqwalaselwa okuphindaphindiweyo kokunyuka kwe-ileal digestibility yefiber (i-fiber ekrwada okanye i-fiber engathathi hlangothi kunye ne-acid detergent) ibonisa ukuba i-betaine ivuselela ukuvutshelwa kwebhaktheriya esele ikhona. emathunjini amancinci, kuba iiseli zamathumbu azizivelisi i-fiber-degrading enzymes.Inxalenye yefiber yesityalo iqulethe izondlo, ezinokukhutshwa ngexesha lokuthotywa kwe-microbial fiber.
Ngoko ke, ukuphuculwa kwezinto ezomileyo kunye ne-crude ash digestibility nayo yabonwa.Kwinqanaba lendlela yokugaya, kuye kwaxelwa ukuba amantshontsho eehagu ezongezwa nge-800 mg betaine / kg yokutya kuye kwaphucula iprotheni ekrwada (+ 6.4%) kunye nomcimbi owomileyo (+ 4.2% ) ukugaya ukutya.Ukongezelela, uphando olwahlukileyo lubonise ukuba ngokuncedisa nge-1,250 mg / kg betaine, ukubonakala kwe-digestibility epheleleyo yeprotheni engcolileyo (+ 3.7%) kunye ne-ether extract (+ 6.7%) yaphuculwa.
Esinye isizathu esinokubakho sokwanda kokutya kwesondlo sisiphumo se-betaine kwimveliso ye-enzyme.Kuphando lwamva nje lwe-vivo malunga nokongezwa kwe-betaine kwiihagu ezilunyuliweyo, umsebenzi wee-enzymes zokugaya (i-amylase, i-maltase, i-lipase, i-trypsin kunye ne-chymotrypsin) kwi-chyme yavavanywa (umzobo 1) .Zonke i-enzymes ngaphandle kwe-maltase zibonise umsebenzi owandayo, kwaye umphumo we-betaine wawuchazwe ngakumbi kwi-2,500 mg betaine / kg feed kune-1,250 mg / kg. Ukunyuka komsebenzi kunokuba ngumphumo wokunyuka. kwimveliso ye-enzyme, okanye inokuba sisiphumo sokunyuka kwe-catalytic performance ye-enzyme.
Umzobo we-1-Umsebenzi we-enzyme yokugaya ukutya kwamathumbu eengulube zongezwa nge-0 mg / kg, i-1,250 mg / kg okanye i-2,500 mg / kg betaine.
Uvavanyo lwe-in vitro, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba ngokongeza i-NaCl ukuvelisa uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwe-osmotic, i-trypsin kunye nemisebenzi ye-amylase yayinqatshelwe.Ukongeza amanqanaba ahlukeneyo e-betaine kolu vavanyo lubuyisele umphumo we-inhibitory we-NaCl kunye nokwandisa umsebenzi we-enzyme. Nangona kunjalo, xa i-NaCl ingekho. ifakwe kwisisombululo se-buffer, i-betaine ayichaphazeli umsebenzi we-enzyme kwindawo ephantsi, kodwa ibonisa umphumo wokuthintela kwindawo ephezulu.
Akunjalo kuphela ukunyuka kwe-digestibility kunokuchaza ukunyuka okuxeliweyo ekusebenzeni kokukhula kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa kokutya kweehagu ezongezelelweyo kunye ne-betaine yokutya.Ukongeza i-betaine kwizidlo zehagu kunciphisa iimfuno zamandla okugcinwa kwezilwanyana.I-hypothesis yesi siphumo esiphawulweyo kukuba xa i-betaine ingasetyenziswa. ukugcina uxinzelelo lwe-osmotic ye-intracellular, imfuno yeempompo ze-ion iyancitshiswa, leyo yinkqubo efuna amandla.Kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwamandla amancinci, umphumo wokuncedisa i-betaine kulindeleke ukuba uvakaliswe ngakumbi ngokunyusa ukunikezelwa kwamandla okukhula kunokuba ukugcinwa.
Iiseli ze-epithelial ezidibanisa udonga lwamathumbu kufuneka zijamelane neemeko eziguquguqukayo ze-osmotic eziveliswa ngumxholo we-luminal ngexesha lokugaya izondlo.Ngexesha elifanayo, ezi seli zamathumbu kufuneka zilawule ukutshintshiselwa kwamanzi kunye nezondlo ezahlukeneyo phakathi kwe-lumen yamathumbu kunye ne-plasma.In Ukuze ukhusele iiseli kwezi meko zinzima, i-betaine yinto ebalulekileyo ye-organic penetrant.Xa uqwalasela ukuxinwa kwe-betaine kwizicubu ezahlukeneyo, umxholo we-betaine kwizicubu zamathumbu uphezulu kakhulu.Ukongezelela, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuba la manqanaba achaphazelekayo ngokuxinwa kwe-betaine yokutya.Iiseli ezilungelelanisiweyo ziya kuba nokwanda okungcono kunye nobuchule obungcono bokubuyisela.Ngoko ke, abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba ukwandisa izinga le-betaine yeehagu kwandisa ukuphakama kwe-duodenal villi kunye nobunzulu be-ileal crypts, kwaye i-villi ifana kakhulu.
Kwesinye isifundo, ukunyuka kokuphakama kwe-villi kwi-duodenum, i-jejunum, kunye ne-ileum kunokubonwa, kodwa kwakungekho mpembelelo kubunzulu be-crypts.Njengoko kubonwe kwiinkukhu ze-broiler ezisuleleke yi-coccidia, umphumo wokukhusela we-betaine ukwakheka kwamathumbu kunokubaluleka ngakumbi phantsi kwemingeni ethile (osmotic).
Isithintelo samathumbu ikakhulu siqulunqwe ngeeseli ze-epithelial, ezidityaniswe omnye komnye ngeeprotheyini ezidibeneyo.Ukunyaniseka kwesi sithintelo kubalulekile ukukhusela ukungena kwezinto ezinobungozi kunye neebhaktheriya ze-pathogenic, ezinokuthi zibangele ukuvuvukala.Kwihagu, i-negative Impembelelo yesithintelo samathumbu ithathwa njengesiphumo sokungcoliseka kwe-mycotoxin kwisondlo, okanye enye yeempembelelo ezimbi zoxinzelelo lobushushu.
Ukuze kulinganiswe impembelelo kwimpembelelo yesithintelo, iimvavanyo ze-in vitro zemigca yeseli zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuxhathisa kombane we-transepithelial (TEER) .Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-betaine, i-TEER ephuculweyo inokubonwa kwiimvavanyo ezininzi ze-vitro.Xa ibhetri ibhetri ibonakaliswe kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu (42 ° C), i-TEER iya kuncipha (umzobo 2) .Ukongezwa kwe-betaine kwindawo yokukhula yala maseli abonakaliswe ukushisa aphikisana nokunciphisa i-TEER, ebonisa ukunyuka kobushushu.
Umfanekiso we-2-In vitro iziphumo zokushisa okuphezulu kunye ne-betaine kwi-cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Ukongezelela, kwisifundo se-vivo kwi-piglets, ukubonakaliswa okwandisiweyo kweeprotheyini ze-tight junction (occludin, claudin1, kunye ne-zonula occludens-1) kwi-jejunum tissue yezilwanyana ezifumene i-1,250 mg / kg betaine yalinganiswa xa kuthelekiswa neqela lokulawula. Ukongezelela, njengophawu lomonakalo we-intestinal mucosal, umsebenzi we-diamine oxidase kwi-plasma yezi ngulube wancitshiswa kakhulu, ebonisa umqobo oqinileyo wamathumbu. walinganiswa ngexesha lokuxhelwa.
Kungekudala, uphando oluninzi luye lwadibanisa i-betaine kwinkqubo ye-antioxidant kwaye ichaza ukunciphisa i-radicals yamahhala, ukunciphisa amanqanaba e-malondialdehyde (MDA), kunye nokuphucula umsebenzi we-glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
I-Betaine ayisebenzi nje njenge-osmoprotectant kwizilwanyana.Ukongezelela, iibhaktheriya ezininzi zinokuqokelela i-betaine ngokusebenzisa i-de novo synthesis okanye ukuthutha ukusuka kwindalo.Kukho imiqondiso yokuba i-betaine ingaba nefuthe elihle kwinani lebhaktheriya kwi-gastrointestinal tract piglets olunyulweyo. .Inani elipheleleyo lebhaktheriya ye-ileal, ngakumbi i-bifidobacteria kunye ne-lactobacilli, liye landa.Ukongezelela, amanani aphantsi e-Enterobacter afunyenwe kwindle.
Ekugqibeleni, kuyabonwa ukuba umphumo we-betaine kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo kukunciphisa izinga lohudo.Esi siphumo sinokuxhomekeka kumthamo: isongezelelo sokutya se-2,500 mg / kg betaine sisebenza ngakumbi kune-1,250 mg / kg betaine ukunciphisa izinga lohudo.Nangona kunjalo, ukusebenza kweehagu ezilunyuliweyo kumanqanaba amabini okuncedisana kwakufana.Abanye abaphandi baye babonisa ukuba xa i-800 mg / kg ye-betaine yongezwa, izinga kunye neziganeko zohudo kwiihagu ezilunyuliweyo ziphantsi.
I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa malunga ne-1.8, ekhokelela ekuhlukaneni kwe-betaine HCl emva kokungena, ekhokelela kwi-acidification yesisu.
Ukutya okunomdla yi-acidification enokubakho ye-betaine hydrochloride njengomthombo we-betaine.Kwiyeza lomntu, izongezelelo ze-betaine HCl zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukudibanisa ne-pepsin ukuxhasa abantu abaneengxaki zesisu kunye neengxaki zokugaya.Kule meko, i-betaine hydrochloride ingasetyenziswa njengoko umthombo okhuselekileyo we-hydrochloric acid.Nangona kungekho lwazi kule propati xa i-betaine hydrochloride iqulethwe kwisondlo sehagu, inokubaluleka kakhulu.
Kuyaziwa ukuba i-pH yejusi yesisu yeehagu ezilunyulweyo inokuba phezulu (pH>4), nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-pepsin precursor kwi-precursor yayo ye-pepsinogen.Ukwetyisa kweprotheyini echanekileyo ayibalulekanga kuphela kwizilwanyana ukuze zifumane ukufumaneka okulungileyo. Ukongezelela, iprotheni yokugaya inokubangela ukwanda okuyingozi kwamagciwane angenelelayo kunye nokwandisa ingxaki yorhudo lwasemva kokulunyulwa.I-Betaine inexabiso eliphantsi le-pKa elimalunga ne-1.8, elikhokelela ekuqhekekeni kwe-betaine HCl emva kokungeniswa, okukhokelela kwisisu esiswini. ukwenziwa kweasidi.
Le reacidification yexesha elifutshane iye yabonwa kuphononongo lwangaphambili ebantwini kunye nezifundo ezinjeni.Emva kwedosi enye ye-750 mg okanye i-1,500 mg ye-betaine hydrochloride, i-pH yesisu sezinja ngaphambili yayinyangwa nge-agent yokunciphisa i-asidi yesisu yehla kakhulu malunga ne-7 ukuya kwi-pH 2. Nangona kunjalo, kwizinja zokulawula ezingaphathwanga, i-pH yesisu yayimalunga ne-2, eyayingahambelani ne-betaine HCl supplementation.
I-Betaine inefuthe elihle kwimpilo yamathumbu eehagu ezilunyulweyo.Olu phononongo loncwadi lugxininisa amathuba ahlukeneyo e-betaine ukuxhasa ukucolwa kwesondlo kunye nokufunxa, ukuphucula imiqobo yokukhusela ngokomzimba, ukuphembelela i-microbiota, kunye nokuphucula amandla okukhusela amantshontsho.