Kaza ita ce mafi girman samar da nama da amfani da ita a duniya.Kusan kashi 70% na kajin duniya na zuwa ne daga farin gashin fuka-fuki.Kaza ita ce samfurin nama mafi girma na biyu a kasar Sin.Kaza a kasar Sin ya fi fitowa ne daga farin gashin fuka-fuki da kuma kaji masu launin rawaya.Gudunmawar da farin fuka-fukai suke bayarwa wajen samar da kaji a kasar Sin ya kai kusan kashi 45 cikin dari, sannan na kaji mai launin rawaya ya kai kusan kashi 38%.

Farin gashin fuka-fuki shine wanda yake da mafi ƙarancin rabon abinci ga nama, mafi girman darajar kiwo da mafi girman dogaro na waje.Irin nau'in broiler masu gashin fuka-fuka masu launin rawaya da ake amfani da su wajen noman kasar Sin duk nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’in nau’i na broiler) ne da ake nomawa da su, kuma yawan nau’in da aka noma shi ne mafi girma a cikin dukkan nau’o’in kiwo da na kaji, wanda ya kasance misali mai nasara wajen mayar da amfanin amfanin gonakin na gida zuwa ga amfanin amfanin gona.

1. Tarihin bunkasar irin kaji

Kaji na cikin gida ya kasance cikin gida ta hanyar gandun daji na Asiya shekaru 7000-10000 da suka wuce, kuma ana iya gano tarihin gida zuwa fiye da 1000 BC.Kajin cikin gida yana kama da ainihin kajin a siffar jiki, launin gashin tsuntsu, waƙa da sauransu.Nazarin cytogenetic da morphological sun tabbatar da cewa kajin asali shine kakannin kajin gida na zamani.Akwai nau'ikan hudu na Galus Galula, waɗanda suke da jan (gallus na fig. 3), baki ɗaya Lafayetii) da kuma launin fata.Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban guda biyu game da asalin kajin gida daga ainihin kajin: ka'idar asali guda ɗaya ta ƙunsa cewa Jajayen kajin na asali na iya zama gida sau ɗaya ko fiye;Bisa ka'idar asali da yawa, baya ga tsuntsayen jajayen daji, sauran tsuntsayen Jungle suma kakannin kajin gida ne.A halin yanzu, yawancin bincike sun goyi bayan ka'idar asali guda ɗaya, wato, kaza na gida ya samo asali ne daga jajayen tsuntsayen daji.

 

(1) Tsarin kiwo na broilers na waje

Kafin shekarun 1930, an gudanar da zaɓin rukuni da noma kyauta.Babban haruffan zaɓin sun kasance aikin samar da kwai, kaji daga-samfurin ne, kuma kiwo kaza wani ƙaramin sikelin tattalin arziki na tsakar gida.Tare da ƙirƙira akwatin rufewa kai a cikin 1930s, an zaɓi aikin samar da kwai bisa ga rikodin samar da kwai guda ɗaya;A cikin 1930s-50, ta amfani da masara ninki biyu fasahadi a matsayin tunani, wanda da sauri ya maye gurbin tsarkakakken layin kiwo, kuma ya zama mafi girma na samar da fata.Hanyoyi masu daidaitawa na haɓakawa sun haɓaka a hankali daga farkon haɗakarwar binary zuwa matching na ternary da Quaternary.An inganta ingantaccen zaɓi na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun haruffan gado bayan an fara yin rikodin zuriyarsu a cikin 1940s, kuma ana iya guje wa raguwar ƙiyayya da dangi ke haifarwa.Bayan 1945, wasu cibiyoyi na ɓangare na uku ko tashoshi na gwaji a Turai da Amurka sun gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na bazuwar.Manufar ita ce don tantance nau'ikan da ke shiga cikin kimantawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli iri ɗaya, kuma sun taka rawar gani wajen haɓaka kason kasuwa na kyawawan iri tare da kyakkyawan aiki.Irin wannan aikin auna aikin ya ƙare a cikin 1970s.A cikin shekarun 1960-1980, babban zaɓi na sauƙin auna halaye, kamar samar da kwai, ƙimar ƙyanƙyashe, ƙimar girma da canjin abinci, an yi shi da kajin ƙashi da cin abinci na gida.Ƙayyadaddun keji guda ɗaya na canjin abinci tun daga shekarun 1980 ya taka rawa kai tsaye wajen rage cin abincin broiler da inganta yawan amfani da abinci.Tun daga 1990s, an kula da halayen sarrafawa, kamar nauyin net ɗin da kuma nauyin sternum maras kashi.Aiwatar da hanyoyin tantance kwayoyin halitta irin su mafi kyawun tsinkaya marar son rai (BLUP) da ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka kiwo.Bayan shiga karni na 21, kiwo broiler ya fara la'akari da ingancin samfurori da jin dadin dabbobi.A halin yanzu, fasahar kiwo ta kwayoyin halitta na broiler wanda ke wakilta ta hanyar zaɓin genome wide (GS) yana canzawa daga bincike da haɓakawa zuwa aikace-aikace.

(2) Tsarin kiwo na Broiler a kasar Sin

A tsakiyar karni na 19, kajin gida a kasar Sin sun kasance kan gaba a duniya wajen yin kwai da noman nama.Misali, bullo da kajin dutsen kerkeci da kajin Jin yellow guda tara daga Jiangsu da Shanghai na kasar Sin, sannan daga Birtaniya zuwa Amurka, bayan kiwo, an amince da shi a matsayin nau'i mai kyau a kasashen biyu.Ana ɗaukar Chicken Langshan azaman nau'in amfani biyu, kuma kajin Jin rawaya tara ana ɗaukarsa azaman nau'in nama.Wadannan nau'o'in suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan samuwar wasu shahararrun dabbobi da kaji irin su Birtaniya oppington da Ostiraliya Black Ostiraliya sun gabatar da dangantakar jini na kaza mai tsaunuka a kasar Sin.Rockcock, Luodao ja da sauran nau'o'in iri kuma suna ɗaukar kajin Jin rawaya guda tara a matsayin kayan kiwo.Daga karshen karni na 19 zuwa 1930, kwai da kaji sune muhimman kayayyakin da ake fitarwa a kasar Sin.Amma a cikin dogon lokaci bayan haka, sana'ar kiwon kaji a kasar Sin ta tsaya kan babban matakin kiwo, kuma matakin samar da kajin ya yi nisa daga matakin ci gaba a duniya.A tsakiyar shekarun 1960, an zaɓi nau'ikan kajin Huiyang guda uku na gida, kajin hemp na Qingyuan da kajin Shiqi a matsayin manyan abubuwan haɓakawa a Hong Kong.An gudanar da matasan ne ta hanyar amfani da sabbin Han Xia da bailoc da baikonish da kuma habad wajen kiwon kajin na Shiqi, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen noma da cin naman kaji a Hong Kong.Daga shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, an gabatar da kajin matasan Shiqi zuwa Guangdong da Guangxi, kuma an yayyafa shi da fararen kaji masu rarrafe, inda aka samar da kajin matasan Shiqi da aka gyara kuma an bazu sosai wajen samarwa.Daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980, mun yi amfani da nau'ikan kiwo da zabin iyali don noma sabon kaza dutsen wolf, kajin Xinpu Gabas da kajin Xinyangzhou.Tun daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 2015, ‘ya’yan itatuwan fuka-fukai masu launin rawaya sun rungumi tsarin kiwo a arewa da kudu, kuma sun yi cikakken amfani da bambance-bambancen muhallin yanayi, ciyarwa, ma’aikata da fasahar kiwo tsakanin arewa da kudanci, tare da kiwon kajin iyaye. a arewacin yankunan Henan, Shanxi da Shaanxi.An mayar da ƙwai na kasuwanci zuwa kudanci don shiryawa da kuma kiwo, wanda ya inganta aikin samar da gashin tsuntsaye masu launin rawaya.Tsarin kiwo na gashin tsuntsu mai launin rawaya ya fara ne a ƙarshen 1980s.Gabatar da kwayoyin halittu masu fa'ida kamar kananan da kananan kwayoyin ceton hatsi (Gidan DW) da kwayar halittar farin gashin fuka-fuka sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kiwo na tsuntsayen fuka-fuki a kasar Sin.Kimanin kashi ɗaya bisa uku na nau'in nau'in gashin fuka-fukai masu launin rawaya a China sun yi amfani da waɗannan fasahohin.A shekara ta 1986, kamfanin raya kaji na Guangzhou Baiyun ya gabatar da kajin dandali na fari da na Shiqi don yin kiwo 882 na gashin fuka-fuki.A cikin 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. ya haifar da layin farko da ya dace da gashin tsuntsu mai launin rawaya 128 (Fig. 4) wanda jihar ta amince da shi.Bayan haka, sabon nau'in noman foda mai launin rawaya a kasar Sin ya shiga cikin saurin ci gaba.Domin daidaita jarrabawar iri-iri da amincewa, an kafa Cibiyar Kula da ingancin kiwon kaji da dubawa da gwajin (Yangzhou) na ma'aikatar aikin gona da yankunan karkara (Beijing) a cikin 1998 da 2003 bi da bi, kuma ita ce ke da alhakin ayyukan kiwon kaji na kasa. aunawa.

 

2. Bunkasa kiwo na zamani a gida da waje

(1) Ci gaban kasashen waje

Tun daga karshen shekarun 1950, ci gaban kiwo na kwayoyin halitta ya kafa harsashin samar da kaji na zamani, da bunkasa sana'ar noman kwai da kaza, kuma noman broiler ya zama sana'ar kiwon kaji mai zaman kanta.A cikin shekaru 80 da suka gabata, Arewacin Amurka da kasashen Yammacin Turai sun aiwatar da tsarin kiwo na kwayoyin halitta don yawan girma, lada da abinci da gawar kaji, da samar da nau'in farin gashin fuka-fuki na yau da kuma mamaye kasuwannin duniya cikin sauri.Layin namiji na zamani farin fuka-fuki broiler fari ne na Cornish kajin, layin mace kuma farin Plymouth Rock kaza ne.Ana samar da heterosis ta hanyar jima'i na yau da kullum.A halin yanzu, ciki har da kasar Sin, manyan nau'o'in da ake amfani da su wajen samar da farin fuka-fuki a duniya su ne AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard da wasu 'yan wasu nau'o'in, wadanda suka fito daga aviagen da Cobb vantress bi da bi.Farin gashin fuka-fuki yana da tsarin balagagge kuma cikakke tsarin kiwo, yana samar da tsarin dala wanda ya ƙunshi babban rukunin kiwo, kakanni, kakanni, iyaye da kajin kasuwanci.Yana ɗaukar shekaru 4-5 don ci gaban kwayoyin halitta na rukunin rukunin don watsawa zuwa kajin kasuwanci (Fig. 5).Kaza guda ɗaya na iya samar da broilers fiye da miliyan 3 na kasuwanci da fiye da tan 5000 na kaza.A halin yanzu, duniya tana samar da nau'ikan nau'ikan fararen fuka-fukai miliyan 11.6, masu kiwon kakanin kaka, miliyan 600 na masu kiwon iyaye da kajin kasuwanci biliyan 80 a duk shekara.

 

3. Matsaloli da gibi

(1) Kiwo farin gashin fuka-fuki

Idan aka kwatanta da matakin ci gaban kasa da kasa na kiwo farin gashin fuka-fuki, lokacin kiwo na farin gashin fuka-fuki na kasar Sin gajeru ne, ginshikin samar da babban aikin tattara kwayoyin halitta yana da rauni, amfani da sabbin fasahohi irin su kiwo ba ya wadatar, kuma akwai babban gibi a cikin bincike da haɓaka fasahar tsarkakewa cuta da samfuran ganowa.Cikakkun bayanai kamar haka: 1. Kamfanonin masana'antu suna da manyan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma haɓakar kamfanoni da yadudduka ana wadatar da su, waɗanda ke ba da kayan kwastomomi garanti ga kiwo na sababbin iri;Albarkatun kiwo na farin gashin fuka-fuki a kasar Sin suna da tushe mai rauni da karancin kayan kiwo.

2. Fasahar kiwo.Idan aka kwatanta da kamfanonin kasa da kasa da suka shafe sama da shekaru 100 suna aikin kiwo, an fara kiwo da farin gashin fuka-fuki a kasar Sin a makare, kuma akwai babban gibi tsakanin bincike da amfani da daidaiton fasahar kiwo tsakanin girma da hayayyafa da ci gaban kasa da kasa.Matsayin aikace-aikacen sabbin fasahohi irin su kiwo genome ba su da yawa;Rashin ingantacciyar fasahar aunawa ta phenotype mai girma, tarin bayanai ta atomatik da digiri na aikace-aikacen watsawa yayi ƙasa.

3. Fasahar tsarkakewa na cututtukan cututtuka.Manyan kamfanonin kiwon kaji na kasa da kasa sun dauki ingantattun matakan tsarkakewa don yada cututtuka a tsaye na cutar sankarar bargo, pullorum da sauran abubuwan da suka faru, suna inganta ingancin samfuran.Tsaftace cutar sankarar tsuntsaye da pullorum wani gajeren allo ne da ke kawo cikas ga bunkasuwar masana'antar kiwon kaji ta kasar Sin, kuma na'urorin binciken sun dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki daga kasashen waje.

(2) Kiwo mai gashin fuka-fukan Yellow

Kiwo da samar da gawayen fuka-fukai masu launin rawaya a kasar Sin shi ne kan gaba a matakin duniya.Duk da haka, yawan masana'antun kiwo suna da yawa, ma'auni ba daidai ba ne, ƙarfin fasaha na gaba ɗaya ba shi da ƙarfi, aikace-aikacen fasahar kiwo na zamani bai isa ba, kuma wuraren kiwo da kayan aiki suna da koma baya;Akwai wani takamaiman mataki na maimaita kiwo sabon abu, kuma akwai 'yan asali iri-iri tare da bayyanannen halaye, kyakkyawan aiki da babban kasuwa rabo;Na dogon lokaci, makasudin kiwo shine daidaitawa da daidaituwar tallace-tallacen kaji masu rai, kamar launin fuka-fuki, siffar jiki da bayyanar, waɗanda ba za su iya biyan buƙatun kasuwa na kisa da samfuran sanyi ba a ƙarƙashin sabon halin da ake ciki.

Akwai nau'o'in kaji masu yawa a cikin kasar Sin, wadanda suka samar da kyawawan dabi'un kwayoyin halitta a karkashin dogon lokaci da hadaddun yanayin muhalli da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.Duk da haka, na dogon lokaci, akwai rashin zurfin bincike game da halayen albarkatun kwayoyin halitta, bincike da kimanta albarkatun iri-iri ba su isa ba, kuma bincike da kimantawa ba su da isasshen tallafi na bayanai.Bugu da kari, gina tsauri tsarin sa ido na iri-iri albarkatun bai isa ba, da kuma kimantawa da albarkatun halaye tare da karfi adaptability, high yawan amfanin ƙasa da kuma high quality a cikin kwayoyin albarkatun ba m da kuma tsarin, wanda take kaiwa zuwa ga tsanani karancin hakar ma'adinai da kuma yin amfani da kyawawan halaye na nau'in gida, yana hana tsarin kariya, haɓakawa da yin amfani da albarkatun halittu na gida, kuma yana shafar matakin samar da masana'antar kiwon kaji a kasuwannin kasar Sin gasa na kayayyakin kiwon kaji da ci gaban masana'antar kiwon kaji mai dorewa.