Nqaij qaib yog qhov loj tshaj plaws nqaij ntau lawm thiab noj khoom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.Kwv yees li 70% ntawm cov nqaij qaib thoob ntiaj teb los ntawm cov plaub hau dawb.Nqaij qaib yog cov khoom lag luam loj tshaj plaws thib ob hauv Suav teb.Nqaij qaib hauv Suav teb feem ntau yog los ntawm cov feathered broilers thiab daj feathered broilers.Kev koom tes ntawm cov nqaij qaib dawb rau cov nqaij qaib hauv Suav teb yog kwv yees li 45%, thiab cov nqaij qaib daj daj yog li 38%.

Dawb feathered broiler yog ib qho uas muaj qhov qis tshaj ntawm kev pub rau cov nqaij, qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev yug me nyuam loj thiab qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev nyob sab nraud.Cov qe daj feathered broiler breeds siv nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj txoj kev tsim yog tag nrho nws tus kheej bred yug, thiab tus naj npawb ntawm breeds cultivated yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov tsiaj nyeg thiab nqaij qaib breeds, uas yog ib tug zoo piv txwv ntawm transforming lub peev xwm ntawm lub zos breeds rau cov khoom kom zoo dua.

1 、 Kev txhim kho keeb kwm ntawm cov nqaij qaib

Cov nqaij qaib hauv tsev tau raug tsim los ntawm cov neeg Esxias hav zoov pheasant 7000-10000 xyoo dhau los, thiab nws cov keeb kwm kev noj qab haus huv tuaj yeem taug qab mus rau ntau tshaj 1000 BC.Cov qaib hauv tsev zoo ib yam li cov qaib qub hauv lub cev, xim plaub, nkauj thiab lwm yam.Cytogenetic thiab morphological kev tshawb fawb tau ua pov thawj tias thawj cov qaib yog cov yawg koob ntawm cov nqaij qaib niaj hnub no.Muaj plaub hom ntawm genus Gallinula, uas yog liab (Gallus gallus, Fig. 3), ntsuab dab tshos (Gallus ntau yam), dub tailed (Gallus lafayetii) thiab Grey Striped (Gallus sonnerati).Muaj ob qhov kev xav sib txawv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov qaib hauv tsev los ntawm cov qaib qub: tib lub hauv paus txoj kev xav tau hais tias cov nqaij qaib liab tuaj yeem ua tau ib zaug lossis ntau dua;Raws li txoj kev xav ntawm ntau lub hauv paus chiv keeb, ntxiv rau cov noog liab hav zoov, lwm yam Jungle Fowls kuj yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov qaib hauv tsev.Tam sim no, feem ntau cov kev tshawb fawb txhawb nqa tib txoj kev xav, uas yog, cov qaib hauv tsev feem ntau yog los ntawm cov noog liab.

 

(1) Cov txheej txheem yug me nyuam ntawm txawv teb chaws broilers

Ua ntej xyoo 1930, pawg xaiv thiab pedigree pub dawb cog qoob loo tau ua tiav.Cov cim xaiv tseem ceeb yog kev ua haujlwm qe qe, nqaij qaib yog los ntawm cov khoom, thiab kev yug qaib yog ib qho qauv me me hauv vaj tsev.Nrog rau kev tsim khoom ntawm tus kheej kaw lub thawv qe hauv xyoo 1930, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm lub qe tau raug xaiv raws li cov ntaub ntawv tsim tawm ntawm tus kheej;Nyob rau xyoo 1930-50, siv pobkws ob npaug hybrid thev naus laus zis raws li kev siv, heterosis tau nkag mus rau hauv kev yug qaib, uas tau hloov cov kab dawb huv sai sai, thiab tau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam nqaij qaib.Cov kev sib txuam ntawm hybridization tau maj mam tsim los ntawm qhov ntxov tshaj plaws binary hybridization mus rau kev sib piv ntawm ternary thiab Quaternary.Kev xaiv cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov cim tsis tshua muaj thiab tsis tshua muaj txiaj ntsig tau raug txhim kho tom qab kev sau npe tau pib hauv xyoo 1940s, thiab kev poob qis los ntawm cov neeg txheeb ze tuaj yeem zam tau.Tom qab xyoo 1945, cov qauv ntsuas ntsuas tau ua los ntawm qee lub koom haum thib peb lossis cov chaw sim hauv Tebchaws Europe thiab Asmeskas.Lub hom phiaj yog txhawm rau txheeb xyuas ntau yam uas koom nrog kev tshuaj xyuas raws li tib yam ib puag ncig, thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho kev lag luam sib koom ntawm ntau yam zoo nrog kev ua tau zoo.Xws li kev ntsuas kev ua haujlwm tau raug txiav tawm hauv xyoo 1970s.Nyob rau xyoo 1960-1980s, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev xaiv yooj yim los ntsuas qhov zoo, xws li qe qe, qe qe, tus nqi loj hlob thiab kev hloov pauv hloov pauv, feem ntau yog ua los ntawm cov pob txha qaib thiab tsev neeg noj.Kev txiav txim siab ib lub tawb ntawm kev hloov pauv hloov pauv txij li xyoo 1980s tau ua lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha hauv kev txo qis kev noj broiler pub thiab txhim kho kev siv tus nqi pub.Txij li thaum xyoo 1990, cov yam ntxwv ua tau raug them rau, xws li qhov hnyav hnyav thiab cov pob txha tsis muaj pob txha.Daim ntawv thov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic txoj kev xws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws linear unbiased twv kwv yees (BLUP) thiab kev nce qib ntawm kev siv tshuab computer ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev loj hlob.Tom qab nkag mus rau xyoo pua 21st, kev yug me nyuam broiler pib xav txog qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom thiab kev noj qab haus huv tsiaj.Tam sim no, lub tshuab molecular yug me nyuam ntawm broiler sawv cev los ntawm genome dav xaiv (GS) yog hloov los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob mus rau daim ntawv thov.

(2) Cov txheej txheem yug me nyuam ntawm Broiler hauv Suav teb

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov qaib hauv zos hauv Suav teb tau ua lub ntiaj teb ua cov qe thiab nqaij ntau lawm.Piv txwv li, kev taw qhia ntawm hma roob qaib thiab cuaj Jin daj qaib los ntawm Jiangsu thiab Shanghai hauv Suav teb, tom qab ntawd los ntawm UK mus rau Tebchaws Meskas, tom qab yug me nyuam, nws tau raug lees paub tias yog hom qauv hauv ob lub tebchaws.Langshan Nqaij qaib yog suav tias yog siv ob hom, thiab cuaj Jin daj qaib yog suav tias yog nqaij ntau yam.Cov tsiaj no muaj kev cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau kev tsim ntawm qee cov tsiaj txhu hauv ntiaj teb thiab cov nqaij qaib, xws li British oppington thiab Australian Black Australia tau qhia txog cov ntshav kev sib raug zoo ntawm hma roob qaib hauv Suav teb.Rockcock, Luodao liab thiab lwm yam tsiaj kuj coj cuaj Jin daj qaib ua khoom yug me nyuam.Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 19th mus rau 1930s, qe thiab nqaij qaib yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv Suav teb.Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev tom qab ntawd, kev lag luam ntawm qaib raising nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv nws kim heev theem ntawm raising, thiab cov qib zus tau tej cov nqaij qaib yog deb ntawm lub advanced theem nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1960s, peb lub zos ntau yam ntawm Huiyang qaib, Qingyuan hemp qaib thiab Shiqi qaib raug xaiv los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv Hong Kong.Cov hybrid tau ua los ntawm kev siv Han Xia tshiab, bailoc, baikonish thiab habad los yug Shiqi hybrid qaib, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim thiab noj ntawm Hong Kong broilers.Los ntawm xyoo 1970 mus txog xyoo 1980, Shiqi hybrid qaib tau qhia rau Guangdong thiab Guangxi, thiab tau hla nrog cov qaib dawb, tsim ib qho kev hloov Shiqi hybrid qaib thiab dav dav hauv kev tsim khoom.Los ntawm xyoo 1960 mus txog xyoo 1980, peb siv kev yug me nyuam thiab kev xaiv tsev neeg los cog qoob loo tshiab hma roob qaib, Xinpu East qaib thiab xinyangzhou qaib.Los ntawm 1983 mus rau 2015, daj feather broilers tau txais hom kev yug me nyuam nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, thiab tau siv tag nrho cov kev sib txawv ntawm kev nyab xeeb ib puag ncig, pub, neeg ua haujlwm thiab kev yug me nyuam ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb, thiab tsa cov niam txiv qaib. nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Henan, Shanxi thiab Shaanxi.Cov qe coj mus muag tau thauj rov qab mus rau sab qab teb rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob, uas txhim kho kev tsim khoom ntawm cov plaub hau daj broilers.Txoj kev yug me nyuam ntawm daj tis broiler pib thaum xyoo 1980s.Kev taw qhia txog cov noob qoob loo uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo xws li cov noob qes qis thiab me me (DW gene) thiab cov noob qes dawb tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov plaub hau daj hauv Suav teb.Kwv yees li ib feem peb ntawm Yellow Feather Broiler yug hauv Suav teb tau siv cov tswv yim no.Nyob rau hauv 1986, Guangzhou Baiyun nqaij qaib txoj kev loj hlob lub tuam txhab qhia recessive dawb thiab Shiqi hybrid qaib rau yug 882 daj tis broilers.Xyoo 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. bred thawj txoj kab sib tw ntawm daj plaub broiler 128 (Fig. 4) pom zoo los ntawm lub xeev.Tom qab ntawd, kev cog qoob loo tshiab ntawm Yellow Feather Broiler hauv Suav teb tau nkag mus rau lub sijhawm loj hlob sai.Txhawm rau koom tes nrog ntau yam kev kuaj xyuas thiab kev pom zoo, Lub Chaw Saib Xyuas Kev Tswj Xyuas Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij Nqaij ntsuas.

 

2 、 Kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub broiler yug me nyuam hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws

(1) Kev txhim kho txawv teb chaws

Txij li thaum xyoo 1950s, kev vam meej ntawm kev yug me nyuam tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov nqaij qaib niaj hnub, txhawb kev tsim cov qe thiab nqaij qaib tshwj xeeb, thiab kev tsim cov broiler tau dhau los ua kev lag luam nqaij qaib ywj siab.Nyob rau hauv 80 xyoo dhau los, North America thiab Western European lub teb chaws tau ua cov txheej txheem genetic yug me nyuam rau kev loj hlob tus nqi, pub nqi zog thiab carcass muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qaib, tsim hnub no lub dawb feathered broiler breeds thiab ceev ceev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam.Cov txiv neej kab ntawm niaj hnub dawb feathered broiler yog dawb Cornish qaib, thiab cov poj niam kab yog dawb Plymouth Pob zeb qaib.Lub heterosis yog tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke.Tam sim no, suav nrog Tuam Tshoj, cov hom tseem ceeb siv los tsim cov feathered broilers hauv ntiaj teb yog AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard thiab ob peb lwm yam, uas yog los ntawm aviagen thiab Cobb vantress raws li.Dawb feathered broiler muaj ib tug paub tab thiab zoo meej yug me nyuam, tsim ib tug pyramid qauv tsim los ntawm yug me nyuam pawg neeg, yawm txiv yawg, pog yawg, niam thiab txiv thiab coj mus muag qaib.Nws yuav siv sij hawm 4-5 xyoos rau kev vam meej ntawm cov noob caj noob ces ntawm pawg tub ntxhais kom xa mus rau cov qaib ua lag luam (Fig. 5).Ib pab pawg neeg tseem ceeb tuaj yeem tsim tau ntau dua 3 lab tus broilers coj mus muag thiab ntau dua 5000 tons ntawm nqaij qaib.Tam sim no, lub ntiaj teb no tsim tawm txog 11.6 lab teev ntawm cov feathered broiler pog yawg yug, 600 lab tus niam txiv yug me nyuam thiab 80 billion coj mus muag qaib txhua xyoo.

 

3. Cov teeb meem thiab qhov khoob

(1) Kev yug me nyuam qaib dawb

Piv nrog rau cov qib siab thoob ntiaj teb ntawm kev yug me nyuam dawb feathered broiler, Tuam Tshoj txoj kev ywj pheej dawb feathered broiler yug me nyuam lub sij hawm luv luv, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev tsim cov noob caj noob ces tsis muaj zog, kev siv cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li kev yug me nyuam molecular tsis txaus, thiab muaj. qhov sib txawv loj nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm provenance kab mob purification technology thiab nrhiav kom tau cov khoom.Cov ntsiab lus yog raws li nram no: 1. Multinational tuam txhab uas muag muaj ib tug series ntawm zoo heev hom nrog kev loj hlob sai thiab siab nqaij ntau lawm tus nqi, thiab los ntawm cov merger thiab reorganization ntawm yug me nyuam tuam txhab uas muag xws li broilers thiab txheej, cov ntaub ntawv thiab noob yog ntxiv enriched, uas muab ib tug guarantee rau kev yug me nyuam ntawm ntau yam tshiab;Kev yug me nyuam ntawm cov feathered broiler hauv Suav teb muaj lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog thiab ob peb yam khoom zoo heev.

2. Kev siv tshuab ua qoob loo.Piv nrog rau cov tuam txhab thoob ntiaj teb kev sib tw nrog ntau tshaj 100 xyoo ntawm kev yug me nyuam, kev yug me nyuam ntawm feathered broiler hauv Suav teb pib lig, thiab muaj qhov sib txawv loj ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv cov cuab yeej sib npaug ntawm kev loj hlob thiab kev yug me nyuam thiab thoob ntiaj teb qib siab.Daim ntawv thov qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis tshiab xws li kev yug me nyuam genome tsis siab;Tsis muaj high-throughput phenotype ntse ntsuas qhov tseeb technology, cov ntaub ntawv tsis siv neeg sau thiab kis daim ntawv thov degree yog tsawg.

3. Purification technology ntawm provenance kab mob.Cov tuam txhab loj thoob ntiaj teb cov tsiaj nyeg yug me nyuam tau siv cov kev ntsuas purification zoo rau cov kab mob ntsug kis kab mob ntawm avian leukemia, pullorum thiab lwm yam pov thawj, txhim kho kev sib tw ntawm cov khoom lag luam.Kev ua kom huv ntawm avian leukemia thiab pullorum yog lub rooj tsav xwm luv luv uas cuam tshuam txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam nqaij qaib, thiab cov khoom siv kuaj pom muaj ntau nyob ntawm kev xa khoom.

(2) Yellow feather broiler yug me nyuam

Kev yug me nyuam thiab zus tau tej cov daj feathered broiler nyob rau hauv Suav teb yog nyob rau theem ua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tuam txhab yug me nyuam yog loj, qhov ntsuas tsis sib npaug, tag nrho cov kev siv zog tsis muaj zog, kev siv cov cuab yeej cuab tam qib siab tsis txaus, thiab cov chaw yug me nyuam thiab cov cuab yeej siv tau rov qab;Muaj qee qhov kev hloov pauv qhov tshwm sim, thiab muaj ob peb hom tseem ceeb nrog cov yam ntxwv pom tseeb, kev ua tau zoo thiab kev lag luam loj;Rau lub sijhawm ntev, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev yug me nyuam yog hloov mus rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muag nqaij qaib nyob, xws li cov xim plaub, lub cev thiab cov tsos, uas tsis tuaj yeem ua tau raws li kev lag luam xav tau ntawm centralized slaughtering thiab chilled khoom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej tshiab.

Muaj ntau hom nqaij qaib hauv zos hauv Suav teb, uas tau tsim muaj ntau yam zoo ntawm cov noob caj noob ces nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev thiab complex ecological thiab socio-economic tej yam kev mob.Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb tob txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv kab mob, kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm ntau yam kev pab tsis txaus, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev ntsuam xyuas tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv txaus txhawb nqa.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim kho ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam zoo ntawm ntau cov peev txheej tsis txaus, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov peev txheej cov yam ntxwv nrog kev hloov pauv tau zoo, cov txiaj ntsig zoo thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov peev txheej caj ces tsis zoo thiab ua haujlwm, uas ua rau muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev tsuas thiab siv cov khoom lag luam. Cov yam ntxwv zoo heev ntawm ntau yam hauv zos, cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tiv thaiv, kev loj hlob thiab kev siv cov khoom siv noob caj noob ces hauv zos, thiab cuam tshuam rau qib kev lag luam nqaij qaib hauv Suav teb Kev lag luam kev sib tw ntawm cov nqaij qaib thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam nqaij qaib.