Inkoko nigicuruzwa kinini cyinyama nogukoresha kwisi.Hafi 70% yinkoko kwisi yose ituruka kumababa yera yera.Inkoko nigicuruzwa cya kabiri kinini mu nyama mu Bushinwa.Inkoko mu Bushinwa ahanini ituruka kuri broilers yera yera na broiler yumuhondo.Umusanzu wa broilers yera yuzuye amababa mugukora inkoko mubushinwa ni 45%, naho iy'umuhondo wamababa yumuhondo ni 38%.

Broiler yera yuzuye amababa niyo ifite igipimo gito cyo kugaburira ibiryo ninyama, urwego rwo hejuru rwubworozi bunini kandi urwego rwo hejuru rwo guterwa hanze.Ubwoko bwumuhondo wamababi yumuhondo bukoreshwa mubushinwa byose ni ubwoko bwororerwa ubwabwo, kandi umubare wubwoko bwahinzwe niwo munini mubwoko bwose bw’amatungo n’inkoko, akaba ari urugero rwiza rwo guhindura inyungu z’umutungo w’ubwoko bwaho mu nyungu z’ibicuruzwa.

1 、 Amateka yiterambere ryubwoko bwinkoko

Inkoko yo mu rugo yororerwa mu mashyamba yo muri Aziya yo mu mashyamba hashize imyaka 7000-10000, kandi amateka yayo yo kuyitunga ashobora guhera mu myaka irenga 1000 mbere ya Yesu.Inkoko yo mu rugo isa ninkoko yumwimerere mumiterere yumubiri, ibara ryamababa, indirimbo nibindi.Ubushakashatsi bwa Cytogenetike na morphologie bwerekanye ko inkoko yumwimerere ari sekuruza utaziguye winkoko zo murugo.Hariho ubwoko bune bwubwoko bwa Gallinula, butukura (Gallus gallus, Igishusho 3), umukara wicyatsi (Gallus zitandukanye), umurizo wumukara (Gallus lafayetii) na Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati).Hariho ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye ku nkomoko yinkoko yo mu rugo kuva inkoko yumwimerere: inyigisho imwe yinkomoko ivuga ko inkoko yumwimerere ishobora gutungwa rimwe cyangwa nyinshi;Ukurikije inyigisho y’inkomoko nyinshi, usibye inyoni zo mu mashyamba zitukura, izindi nyoni zo mu mashyamba nazo ni abakurambere b'inkoko zo mu rugo.Kugeza ubu, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bushyigikira igitekerezo kimwe cy’inkomoko, ni ukuvuga inkoko yo mu rugo ahanini yakomotse ku nyoni zo mu mashyamba zitukura.

 

（1 process Uburyo bwo korora broilers zamahanga

Mbere ya 1930, gutoranya amatsinda no guhinga ibisekuru byubusa byakozwe.Ibyingenzi byingenzi byatoranijwe byari umusaruro wamagi, inkoko yabyaye umusaruro, kandi ubworozi bwinkoko bwari urugero ruto rwubukungu bwikigo.Hamwe no kuvumbura agasanduku konyine ko gufunga amagi mu myaka ya za 1930, umusaruro w’amagi watoranijwe ukurikije inyandiko y’amagi ku giti cye;Mu myaka ya za 1930 -50, hifashishijwe ikoranabuhanga ry’ibigori ryibigori bibiri, heterose yinjijwe mu bworozi bw’inkoko, byahise bisimbuza ubworozi bw’umurongo wera, kandi biba intandaro y’umusaruro w’inkoko w’ubucuruzi.Uburyo bwo guhuza uburyo bwo kuvanga bwagiye butera imbere buhoro buhoro kuva hambere ya binary Hybridisation kugeza guhuza ternary na Quaternary.Uburyo bwo gutoranya inyuguti nto kandi nto zo kuragwa bwarushijeho kunozwa nyuma yo gufata amajwi y'ibisekuru byatangiye mu 1940, kandi kugabanuka kwanduye kwatewe na bene wabo ba hafi byashoboraga kwirindwa.Nyuma ya 1945, ibizamini by'icyitegererezo byakozwe na bimwe mu bigo by’abandi bantu cyangwa ibizamini byo mu Burayi no muri Amerika.Icyari kigamijwe kwari ugusuzuma mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro ubwoko butandukanye bwitabira isuzuma mu bihe bimwe by’ibidukikije, kandi bukagira uruhare runini mu kuzamura umugabane w’isoko ry’ubwoko bwiza kandi bukora neza.Ibikorwa nkibi byo gupima imikorere byarangiye muri za 1970.Mu myaka ya za 1960-80, ihitamo nyamukuru ryoroshye gupima imico, nkumusaruro w amagi, umuvuduko wacyo, umuvuduko wubwiyongere nigipimo cyo kugaburira ibiryo, byakozwe ahanini ninkoko zamagufwa no kurya murugo.Kugena akazu kamwe kerekana igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo kuva mu myaka ya za 1980 byagize uruhare rutaziguye mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibiryo bya broiler no kuzamura igipimo cy’ibiryo.Kuva mu myaka ya za 90, ibiranga gutunganya byitabweho cyane, nk'uburemere bwa net bore n'uburemere butagira amagufwa.Gukoresha uburyo bwo gusuzuma genetike nkumurongo mwiza utabogamye (BLUP) hamwe niterambere ryikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa bigira uruhare runini mugutezimbere ubworozi.Nyuma yo kwinjira mu kinyejana cya 21, ubworozi bwa broiler bwatangiye gutekereza ku bwiza bwibicuruzwa n’imibereho y’inyamaswa.Kugeza ubu, tekinoroji yo kororoka ya broiler ihagarariwe na genome yagutse (GS) irahinduka kuva mubushakashatsi niterambere bigashyirwa mubikorwa.

（2 process Uburyo bwo korora Broiler mubushinwa

Hagati y'ikinyejana cya 19, inkoko zaho mu Bushinwa zabaye isi ku isonga mu gutera amagi no gutanga inyama.Kurugero, kwinjiza inkoko yo mu misozi y’impyisi hamwe n’inkoko icyenda y’umuhondo Jin iva i Jiangsu na Shanghai mu Bushinwa, hanyuma ikava mu Bwongereza ikajya muri Amerika, nyuma yo kororoka, yamenyekanye nkubwoko busanzwe mu bihugu byombi.Inkoko ya Langshan ifatwa nkuburyo bubiri bwo gukoresha, naho icyenda cyinkoko yumuhondo Jin ifatwa nkubwoko bwinyama.Ubu bwoko bugira uruhare runini mu ishingwa ry’amoko azwi cyane ku isi ndetse n’ubwoko bw’inkoko, nka oppington yo mu Bwongereza na Ositaraliya y'Abirabura bo muri Ositaraliya batangije isano iri hagati y’amaraso y’inkoko yo mu misozi y’impyisi mu Bushinwa.Rockcock, Luodao umutuku nandi moko nayo afata inkoko icyenda yumuhondo Jin nkibikoresho byororoka.Kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza 1930, amagi n'inkoko ni ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Bushinwa.Ariko mu gihe kirekire nyuma yibyo, inganda zo korora inkoko mu Bushinwa ziguma ku ntera nini yo korora, kandi umusaruro w’inkoko nturi kure cyane ku rwego rwo hejuru ku isi.Mu myaka ya za 1960 rwagati, ubwoko butatu bw’inkoko za Huiyang, inkoko ya Qingyuan n’inkoko ya Shiqi byatoranijwe nkibintu nyamukuru byateza imbere Hong Kong.Imvange yakozwe hifashishijwe Han Xia nshya, bailoc, baikonish na habad korora inkoko ya Hybride ya Shiqi, yagize uruhare runini mu gukora no gukoresha za broilers za Hong Kong.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1970 kugeza 1980, inkoko ya Hybride ya Shiqi yamenyekanye muri Guangdong na Guangxi, hanyuma yinjizwa hamwe n'inkoko zera zidakira, zikora inkoko ya Shiqi ivanze kandi ikwirakwizwa cyane mu musaruro.Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960 kugeza 1980, twakoresheje ubworozi bwa Hybrid no gutoranya umuryango kugirango duhinge inkoko nshya yimisozi yo mu misozi, inkoko ya Xinpu y'Iburasirazuba n'inkoko ya xinyangzhou.Kuva mu 1983 kugeza 2015, amababa y’umuhondo y’umuhondo yakoresheje uburyo bwo korora mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo, kandi akoresha byimazeyo itandukaniro ry’ibihe by’ikirere, ibiryo, abakozi n’ikoranabuhanga ryororoka hagati y’amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo, kandi arera inkoko z’ababyeyi. mu majyaruguru ya Henan, Shanxi na Shaanxi.Amagi yubucuruzi yajyanwaga mu majyepfo kugira ngo akorwe kandi azamure, ibyo bikaba byateje imbere umusaruro w’ibara ry’umuhondo.Ubworozi bwa sisitemu ya broiler yumuhondo yatangiye mu mpera za 1980.Kwinjiza genes zifite akamaro kanini nka gen nkeya kandi ntoya yo kuzigama ingano (DW gene) hamwe na gene yera yera yera byagize uruhare runini mu korora amababi y’umuhondo mu Bushinwa.Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyubwoko bwumuhondo Broiler mubushinwa bwakoresheje ubwo buhanga.Mu 1986, isosiyete ikora ibijyanye n’inkoko ya Guangzhou Baiyun yazanye inkoko y’ibara ryera na Shiqi ivanga amabere y’umuhondo 882.Mu 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Itsinda) Co, Ltd yazanye umurongo wa mbere uhuza amababa yumuhondo broiler 128 (Ishusho 4) yemejwe na leta.Nyuma yibyo, guhinga ubwoko bushya bwumuhondo wa Feather Broiler mubushinwa bwinjiye mugihe cyiterambere ryihuse.Mu rwego rwo guhuza ibizamini no kwemezwa bitandukanye, Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura no kugenzura no kugenzura no kugenzura ibizamini by’inkoko (Yangzhou) cya Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’icyaro (Beijing) cyashinzwe mu 1998 na 2003, kikaba cyari gifite inshingano zo gukora umusaruro w’inkoko mu gihugu; gupima.

 

2 Gutezimbere ubworozi bwa broiler bugezweho murugo no mumahanga

（1 development Iterambere ry’amahanga

Kuva mu mpera za 1950, iterambere ry’ubworozi bw’irondakoko ryashizeho urufatiro rw’umusaruro w’inkoko ugezweho, uteza imbere umusaruro w’amagi n’inkoko, kandi umusaruro wa broiler wabaye inganda yigenga y’inkoko.Mu myaka 80 ishize, Amerika ya Ruguru hamwe n’ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’iburengerazuba byakoze ubworozi bwa geneti buri gihe hagamijwe kwiyongera, igihembo cy’ibiryo ndetse n’imirambo y’inkoko, bigizwe n’ubwoko bwera bw’amababa yera kandi bukaba bwigarurira isoko mpuzamahanga.Umurongo wumugabo wa kijyambere yera yuzuye amababa ni inkoko yera ya Cornish, naho umurongo wumugore ni inkoko yera ya Plymouth Rock.Heterose ikorwa no guhuza gahunda.Kugeza ubu, harimo n'Ubushinwa, ubwoko bw'ingenzi bukoreshwa mu gukora amabati yera yera ku isi ni AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard n'andi moko make, akomoka kuri aviagen na Cobb vantress.Broiler yera yera ifite gahunda yo korora ikuze kandi itunganye, ikora imiterere ya piramide igizwe nitsinda ryibanze ryororoka, basogokuru, ba sogokuru, ba sogokuru, ababyeyi ninkoko zubucuruzi.Bifata imyaka 4-5 kugirango iterambere ryimiterere yitsinda ryibanze ryandurwe mu nkoko z'ubucuruzi (Ishusho 5).Itsinda rimwe ryibanze rishobora kubyara miriyoni zirenga 3 za broilers hamwe na toni zirenga 5000 zinkoko.Kugeza ubu, isi itanga umusaruro wa miriyoni 11,6 z’aborozi borozi ba sogokuru na ba sogokuru, miliyoni 600 z’aborozi b’ababyeyi n’inkoko z’ubucuruzi miliyari 80 buri mwaka.

 

3 、 Ibibazo n'ibyuho

（1 bre Ubworozi bw'amababa yera broiler

Ugereranije n’urwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere rwo korora amababa yera yera, igihe cy’ubworozi bw’ubwigenge bwigenga bw’Ubushinwa igihe gito cyo kororoka ni gito, ishingiro ry’umusaruro mwinshi wo gukusanya ibikoresho bya genetike ni ntege nke, gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rishya nko korora molekile ntabwo bihagije, kandi harahari icyuho kinini mubushakashatsi niterambere ryiterambere rya tekinoroji yo kweza indwara nibicuruzwa.Ibisobanuro birambuye ni ibi bikurikira: 1. Amasosiyete mpuzamahanga afite urukurikirane rwimikorere myiza hamwe niterambere ryihuse hamwe n’umusaruro mwinshi w’inyama, kandi binyuze mu guhuza no kuvugurura ibigo byororoka nka broilers na layers, ibikoresho na gen birarushijeho gukungahaza, bitanga ingwate yo korora ubwoko bushya;Amikoro yororoka ya broiler yera yera mubushinwa afite umusingi udakomeye nibikoresho bike byororoka.

2. Ubuhanga bwo korora.Ugereranije n’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga afite uburambe bwimyaka irenga 100 yo korora, ubworozi bwa broiler yera yera mu Bushinwa bwatangiye bitinze, kandi hariho itandukaniro rinini hagati yubushakashatsi nogukoresha tekinoloji y’ubworozi iringaniye hagati yo gukura no kororoka ndetse n’urwego mpuzamahanga rwateye imbere.Urwego rwo gukoresha tekinolojiya mishya nko korora genome ntabwo ari hejuru;Kubura ibintu byinshi-byinjira muri fenotipi yubumenyi bwukuri bwo gupima, gukusanya amakuru no gukwirakwiza impamyabumenyi ni bike.

3. Ikoranabuhanga ryo kweza indwara zifatika.Amasosiyete akomeye y’ubworozi bw’inkoko yafashe ingamba zifatika zo kweza indwara zandurira mu ndwara ziterwa na leukemia yo mu bwoko bwa aviyumu, pullorum n’ibindi byagaragaye, bizamura cyane ubushobozi bwo guhangana n’ibicuruzwa.Isuku rya leukemia avian na pullorum ninama ngufi ibangamira iterambere ryinganda z’ubworozi bw’inkoko zororerwa mu Bushinwa, kandi ibikoresho byo gutahura biterwa cyane n’ibitumizwa mu mahanga.

（2 bre Ubworozi bwamababa yumuhondo broiler

Ubworozi n'umusaruro wa broiler yumuhondo mu Bushinwa uri ku isonga ku isi.Nyamara, umubare w’inganda zororoka ni nini, igipimo nticyaringaniye, muri rusange imbaraga za tekiniki zirakomeye, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga ryororerwa mu bworozi ntirihagije, kandi ibikoresho byororoka n'ibikoresho birasubira inyuma;Hariho urwego runaka rwo gusubiramo ibintu byororoka, kandi hariho ubwoko bwibanze bwibanze bufite ibimenyetso bigaragara, imikorere myiza hamwe nisoko rinini ku isoko;Mu gihe kirekire, intego yo korora ni uguhuza isano n’igurishwa ry’inkoko nzima, nk'ibara ry'ibaba, imiterere y'umubiri ndetse n'imiterere, ibyo bikaba bidashobora guhaza isoko ry’ibicuruzwa bikorerwa hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bikonje mu bihe bishya.

Mu Bushinwa hari amoko menshi y’inkoko yo mu karere, akaba yarakoze ibintu byinshi biranga ingirabuzima fatizo mu gihe kirekire kandi kigoye cy’ibidukikije n’imibereho n’ubukungu.Nyamara, igihe kinini, habuze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse kubiranga umutungo wa germplasm, iperereza nisuzuma ryumutungo utandukanye ntibihagije, kandi isesengura nisuzuma ntibibura inkunga ihagije yamakuru.Byongeye kandi, iyubakwa rya sisitemu yo kugenzura imbaraga z'umutungo utandukanye ntirihagije, kandi isuzuma ry'ibiranga umutungo hamwe n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, umusaruro mwinshi ndetse n'ubwiza buhebuje mu mutungo kamere ntabwo byuzuye kandi biri kuri gahunda, ibyo bigatuma habaho ikibazo gikomeye cyo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro no gukoresha Ibintu byiza biranga ubwoko bwaho, bibangamira inzira yo kurinda, guteza imbere no gukoresha umutungo w’ingirabuzima fatizo zaho, kandi bigira ingaruka ku rwego rw’umusaruro w’inganda z’inkoko mu Bushinwa Kurushanwa ku isoko ry’ibicuruzwa by’inkoko n’iterambere rirambye ry’inganda z’inkoko.