Nkhuku ndiye nyama yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga ndikudya.Pafupifupi 70% ya nkhuku zapadziko lonse lapansi zimachokera ku broilers za nthenga zoyera.Nkhuku ndi nyama yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri ku China.Nkhuku ku China makamaka zimachokera ku broilers zoyera ndi nthenga zachikasu.Zopereka za broilers za nthenga zoyera popanga nkhuku ku China ndi pafupifupi 45%, ndipo za broilers zachikasu ndi 38%.

Broiler wa nthenga zoyera ndi amene ali ndi chiŵerengero chotsika kwambiri cha chakudya ndi nyama, mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa kuswana kwakukulu ndi kudalira kwakukulu kwa kunja.Mitundu ya broiler ya Yellow yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ku China yonse ndi yodziŵeta yokha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ziweto zomwe amalimidwa ndikokulirapo pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ziweto ndi nkhuku, chomwe ndi chitsanzo chabwino chosinthira ubwino wa ziweto zakomweko kukhala zopindulitsa.

1, Mbiri yachitukuko cha mitundu ya nkhuku

Nkhuku zapakhomo zinkawetedwa ndi ng'ombe zakutchire zaku Asia zaka 7000-10000 zapitazo, ndipo mbiri yake yoweta imatha kuyambira 1000 BC.Nkhuku yapakhomo ndi yofanana ndi nkhuku yoyambirira mu thupi, mtundu wa nthenga, nyimbo ndi zina zotero.Maphunziro a Cytogenetic ndi morphological atsimikizira kuti nkhuku yoyambirira ndiyo kholo lachindunji la nkhuku zamakono.Pali mitundu inayi yamtundu wa Gallinula, yomwe ili yofiira (Gallus gallus, Mkuyu. 3), kolala yobiriwira (Gallus zosiyanasiyana), wakuda wamchira (Gallus lafayetii) ndi Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati).Pali malingaliro awiri osiyana pa chiyambi cha nkhuku yoweta kuchokera ku nkhuku yoyambirira: chiphunzitso chimodzi chokha chimanena kuti nkhuku yofiira yofiira ikhoza kukhala yoweta kamodzi kapena kuposerapo;Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha magwero angapo, kuwonjezera pa mbalame zofiira za m'nkhalango, mbalame zina za ku Jungle ndi makolo a nkhuku zapakhomo.Pakalipano, kafukufuku wambiri amagwirizana ndi chiphunzitso chimodzi, kutanthauza kuti nkhuku zoweta zinachokera ku mbalame zofiira za m'nkhalango.

 

(1) Njira yowerera nkhuku zakunja

Zaka za m'ma 1930 zisanafike, kusankha kwamagulu ndi kulima kwaulere kunachitika.Zosankha zazikuluzikulu zinali kachitidwe ka dzira, nkhuku zinali zopangidwa mwangozi, ndipo kuŵeta nkhuku kunali chitsanzo chaching'ono chachuma cha pabwalo.Ndi kupangidwa kwa bokosi la dzira lodzitsekera m'zaka za m'ma 1930, kupanga dzira kunasankhidwa malinga ndi mbiri ya kupanga dzira;M'zaka za m'ma 1930 mpaka 1950, pogwiritsa ntchito luso laukadaulo la chimanga losakanizidwa, heterosis idayambika pakuweta nkhuku, zomwe zidalowa m'malo mwa kuswana kopanda mzere, ndipo zidakhala njira yayikulu yopangira nkhuku zamalonda.Njira zofananira zophatikizira zayamba pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pakusintha kwa binary mpaka kufananiza ternary ndi Quaternary.Kusankhira bwino kwa zilembo zocheperako komanso zotsika kunawongoleredwa pambuyo poti kujambula kwa makolo kudayambika m'ma 1940, ndipo kutsika kwamtundu komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha achibale apamtima kudapewedwa.Pambuyo pa 1945, kuyesa kwachisawawa kunachitika ndi mabungwe ena achitatu kapena malo oyesera ku Europe ndi America.Cholinga chake chinali kuyesa mitundu yomwe ikutenga nawo gawo pakuwunika momwe chilengedwe chikuyendera, ndikuchita nawo gawo pakuwongolera msika wamitundu yabwino kwambiri ndikuchita bwino kwambiri.Ntchito yoyezera magwiridwe antchito yotereyi inathetsedwa m'ma 1970.M'zaka za m'ma 1960-1980, kusankha kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe osavuta kuyeza, monga kupanga mazira, kuswa mazira, kukula ndi kusintha kwa chakudya, makamaka anapangidwa ndi fupa la nkhuku ndi zakudya zapakhomo.Kutsimikiza kwa kachulukidwe ka chakudya cha nyama kuyambira m'ma 1980 kwathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kadyedwe ka nyama ya nkhuku komanso kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chakudya.Kuyambira m'ma 1990, machitidwe opangira amaperekedwa chidwi, monga kulemera kwa net bore ndi boneless sternum weight.Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zowunikira ma genetic monga kuneneratu kopanda tsankho (BLUP) komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo wamakompyuta kumathandizira kwambiri pakukula koswana.Pambuyo polowa m'zaka za zana la 21, kuswana kwa broiler kunayamba kuganizira za ubwino wa mankhwala ndi ubwino wa zinyama.Pakali pano, ukadaulo woswana wa ma molekyulu a broiler woimiridwa ndi kusankha kwa ma genome (GS) ukusintha kuchoka pa kafukufuku ndi chitukuko kupita ku ntchito.

(2) Njira yobereketsa Broiler ku China

Chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800, nkhuku za ku China n’zimene zinkatsogolera padziko lonse kuikira mazira ndi kupanga nyama.Mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhuku ya nkhandwe yamapiri ndi nkhuku zisanu ndi zinayi za Jin zachikasu zochokera ku Jiangsu ndi Shanghai ku China, kenako kuchokera ku UK kupita ku United States, zitatha kuswana, zadziwika kuti ndizo mitundu yokhazikika m'mayiko onsewa.Nkhuku ya Langshan imatengedwa ngati mitundu iwiri yogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo nkhuku zisanu ndi zinayi za Jin zachikasu zimatengedwa ngati nyama zosiyanasiyana.Mitundu iyi imakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pakupanga mitundu ina yotchuka padziko lonse lapansi ya ziweto ndi nkhuku, monga British oppington ndi Australia Black Australia adayambitsa ubale wamagazi a nkhuku ya nkhandwe ku China.Mitundu ya Rockcock, Luodao yofiira ndi ina imatenganso nkhuku zisanu ndi zinayi zamtundu wa Jin ngati zida zoswana.Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 mpaka m'ma 1930, mazira ndi nkhuku ndizofunikira zogulitsa kunja ku China.Koma m’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ntchito yoweta nkhuku ku China imakhalabe pamlingo wokulirapo woweta, ndipo kachulukidwe ka nkhuku kakusiyana kwambiri ndi mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi.Chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1960, mitundu itatu yakumaloko ya nkhuku ya Huiyang, nkhuku ya Qingyuan hemp ndi nkhuku ya Shiqi idasankhidwa ngati zinthu zazikuluzikulu zowongolera ku Hong Kong.Chosakanizidwacho chidachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Han Xia yatsopano, bailoc, baikonish ndi habad kubereketsa nkhuku zosakanizidwa za Shiqi, zomwe zidathandiza kwambiri popanga komanso kudya nyama zaku Hong Kong.Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1970 mpaka 1980, nkhuku yosakanizidwa ya Shiqi inayambitsidwa ku Guangdong ndi Guangxi, ndipo inaphatikizana ndi nkhuku zoyera, kupanga nkhuku yosakanizidwa ya Shiqi ndikufalikira kwambiri.Kuchokera m'ma 1960 mpaka 1980s, tinkagwiritsa ntchito kuswana kwa mitundu yosakanizidwa ndi kusankha mabanja kulima nkhuku yatsopano ya mphiri, nkhuku ya Xinpu East ndi nkhuku ya xinyangzhou.Kuyambira 1983 mpaka 2015, broilers za nthenga zachikasu zidatengera njira yobereketsa kumpoto ndi kumwera, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mokwanira kusiyana kwa nyengo, chakudya, anthu ogwira ntchito komanso luso la kuswana pakati pa kumpoto ndi kumwera, ndikulera nkhuku za makolo. Kumpoto kwa Henan, Shanxi ndi Shaanxi.Mazira amalondawa adawatengeranso kumwera kuti akakulitsidwe ndikuweta, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti nkhuku zamtundu wa yellow nthenga zizigwira ntchito bwino.Kuweta mwadongosolo broiler ya nthenga zachikasu kunayamba kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980.Kuyambitsidwa kwa majini opindulitsa mochulukirachulukira monga mitundu yochepetsetsa komanso yaying'ono yopulumutsira mbewu (DW gene) ndi mtundu wa nthenga zoyera zochulukirapo kunathandizira kwambiri kuswana nkhuku zachikaso ku China.Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mitundu ya Broiler ya Yellow Feather ku China yagwiritsa ntchito njirazi.Mu 1986, kampani yopanga nkhuku ya Guangzhou Baiyun idabweretsa nkhuku zoyera komanso zosakanizidwa za Shiqi kuti zibereke nkhuku 882 zachikasu.Mu 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Gulu) Co., Ltd. adapanga mzere woyamba wofananira wa broiler wachikasu wachikasu 128 (mkuyu 4) wovomerezedwa ndi boma.Pambuyo pake, kulima kwamtundu watsopano wa Yellow Feather Broiler ku China kudalowa nthawi yachitukuko.Pofuna kugwirizanitsa kufufuza ndi kuvomereza zosiyanasiyana, Poultry Quality Supervision and Inspection and Testing Center (Yangzhou) ya Unduna wa Zaulimi ndi madera akumidzi (Beijing) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1998 ndi 2003 motsatira, ndipo inali ndi udindo woyang'anira nkhuku za dziko. kuyeza.

 

2, Kupititsa patsogolo kuswana kwa broiler zamakono kunyumba ndi kunja

(1) Chitukuko chakunja

Kuyambira chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, kupita patsogolo kwa kuswana kwa ma genetic kwayala maziko opangira nkhuku zamakono, kulimbikitsa luso la kupanga mazira ndi nkhuku, ndipo kupanga broiler kwakhala bizinesi yodziyimira payokha.Pazaka 80 zapitazi, North America ndi mayiko aku Western Europe akhala akupanga zoweta mwadongosolo kuti zikule bwino, mphotho ya chakudya komanso nyama ya nkhuku, kupanga mitundu yamasiku ano a broiler yoyera ndikukhala pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.Mzere wachimuna wa broiler wamakono wa nthenga zoyera ndi nkhuku yoyera ya Cornish, ndipo mzere waakazi ndi nkhuku yoyera ya Plymouth Rock.The heterosis amapangidwa ndi mating mwadongosolo.Pakadali pano, kuphatikiza China, mitundu yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nkhuku zoyera padziko lonse lapansi ndi AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard ndi mitundu ina yochepa, yomwe imachokera ku aviagen ndi Cobb vantress motsatana.Broiler wa nthenga zoyera ali ndi njira yokhwima komanso yabwino yoswana, imapanga piramidi yopangidwa ndi gulu loswana, agogo, agogo, makolo ndi nkhuku zamalonda.Zimatenga zaka 4-5 kuti chibadwa cha gulu lalikulu liperekedwe ku nkhuku zamalonda (mkuyu 5).Nkhuku imodzi yokha imatha kubereka nkhuku zopitirira 3 miliyoni komanso matani oposa 5000 a nkhuku.Pakalipano, dziko lapansi limatulutsa pafupifupi 11.6 miliyoni a agogo oweta broiler a nthenga zoyera, magulu 600 miliyoni a obereketsa makolo ndi nkhuku zamalonda 80 biliyoni chaka chilichonse.

 

3, Mavuto ndi mipata

(1) Kuswana broiler ya nthenga zoyera

Poyerekeza ndi kuswana kwa broiler kwa nthenga zoyera padziko lonse lapansi, nthawi yodziyimira payokha yaku China yokhala ndi nthenga zoyera ndi yaifupi, maziko opangira ma genetic akuchulukirachulukira ndi ofooka, kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje atsopano monga kuswana kwa ma molekyulu sikokwanira, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu mu kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha teknoloji yoyeretsa matenda a provenance ndi mankhwala ozindikira.Tsatanetsatane ndi izi: 1. Makampani amitundu yambiri ali ndi zovuta zambiri zomwe zimakula mofulumira komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama zopanga nyama, komanso kupyolera mu kugwirizanitsa ndi kukonzanso makampani obereketsa monga broilers ndi zigawo, zipangizo ndi majini zimalemeretsedwa, zomwe zimapereka chitsimikizo cha kuswana kwa mitundu yatsopano;Zoweta za broiler zoyera ku China zili ndi maziko ofooka komanso zida zochepa zoswana.

2. Tekinoloje yobereketsa.Poyerekeza ndi makampani apadziko lonse lapansi omwe ali ndi zaka zopitilira 100 zoswana, kuswana kwa broiler ya nthenga zoyera ku China kudayamba mochedwa, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo woswana moyenerera pakati pa kukula ndi kubereka ndi kutsogola kwapadziko lonse lapansi.Digiri yogwiritsira ntchito matekinoloje atsopano monga kuswana ma genome sipamwamba;Kuperewera kwaukadaulo woyezera bwino wa phenotype wanzeru, kusonkhanitsa deta ndi digiri ya ntchito yotumizira ndikotsika.

3. Tekinoloje yoyeretsera matenda a provenance.Makampani akuluakulu oweta nkhuku padziko lonse lapansi atenga njira zoyeretsera matenda opatsirana a avian leukemia, pullorum ndi zochitika zina, kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano wazinthu.Kuyeretsedwa kwa avian leukemia ndi pullorum ndi bolodi lalifupi lomwe limalepheretsa chitukuko cha nkhuku zoweta ku China, ndipo zida zodziwira zimadalira kwambiri kuchokera kunja.

(2) Kuswana broiler ya nthenga yachikasu

Kuswana ndi kupanga broiler ya yellow feathered ku China ndikokwera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mabizinesi oswana ndi akulu, sikelo ndi yosagwirizana, mphamvu zonse zaukadaulo ndizofooka, kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba woswana sikokwanira, ndipo malo obereketsa ndi zida ndizobwerera m'mbuyo;Pali kuchuluka kwa zochitika zobwerezabwereza zoswana, ndipo pali mitundu yocheperako yokhala ndi mawonekedwe odziwikiratu, magwiridwe antchito apamwamba komanso gawo lalikulu pamsika;Kwa nthawi yayitali, cholinga choweta ndikutengera kulumikizana kwa malonda a nkhuku zamoyo, monga mtundu wa nthenga, mawonekedwe a thupi ndi mawonekedwe, zomwe sizingakwaniritse zofuna za msika wakupha pakati ndi zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi pamikhalidwe yatsopanoyi.

Pali mitundu yambiri ya nkhuku zakomweko ku China, zomwe zapanga mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri amtundu wanthawi yayitali komanso zovuta zazachilengedwe komanso zachuma.Komabe, kwa nthawi yayitali, pali kusowa kwa kafukufuku wozama pa makhalidwe a ma germplasms, kufufuza ndi kuwunika kwazinthu zosiyanasiyana sikukwanira, ndipo kusanthula ndi kuyesa ndikusowa chidziwitso chokwanira.Kuphatikiza apo, kupanga njira zowunikira zowunikira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana sikukwanira, komanso kuwunika kwazinthu zomwe zimatha kusinthika, zokolola zambiri komanso mtundu wapamwamba wazinthu zama genetic sizokwanira komanso mwadongosolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa migodi ndikugwiritsa ntchito Makhalidwe abwino amitundu yakumaloko, amalepheretsa chitetezo, chitukuko ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chibadwa cham'deralo, komanso zimakhudza kuchuluka kwamakampani a nkhuku ku China Kupikisana kwa msika wazogulitsa nkhuku komanso chitukuko chokhazikika chamakampani a nkhuku.