Huku ndiyo yakakura kwazvo kugadzira uye kudyiwa kwenyama munyika.Zvikamu makumi manomwe kubva muzana zvehuku dzepasi rose dzinobva kumabroilers e feather chena.Huku ndiyo yechipiri pakukura nyama chigadzirwa muChina.Huku yekuChina inowanzobva kune mabroiler ane feathered machena uye mabroiler ane feathered eyero.Mupiro wemabroilers ane feathered machena mukugadzirwa kwehuku muChina ungangoita 45%, uye iyo yeyero feathered broilers ingangoita 38%.

White feathered broiler ndiyo ine reshiyo yakaderera yekudya kune nyama, dhigirii repamusoro-soro rekuberekesa kukuru uye dhigirii repamusoro rekutsamira kwekunze.Mhuka dzeYellow feathered broiler dzinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kweChina dzese idzo dzakazviberekesa, uye huwandu hwemhando dzakarimwa ihombe pakati pemarudzi ese ezvipfuyo nehuku, unova muenzaniso wakabudirira wekushandura mukana wezviwanikwa zvemhando dzemuno kuita chigadzirwa chakanakira.

1、Nhoroondo yebudiriro yerudzi rwehuku

Huku yehuku yakachengetwa neAsia jungle pheasant makore 7000-10000 apfuura, uye nhoroondo yekupfuwa kwayo inogona kurondwa kumashure anopfuura 1000 BC.Huku yemumba yakafanana nehuku yepakutanga muchimiro chemuviri, ruvara rweminhenga, rwiyo uye zvichingodaro.Cytogenetic uye morphological zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti huku yepakutanga ndiyo tateguru wemazuva ano ehuku.Kune marudzi mana emhando yeGallinula, iyo yakatsvuka (Gallus gallus, Fig. 3), green collar (Gallus yakasiyana), black tailed (Gallus lafayetii) uye Grey Striped (Gallus sonnerati).Kune maonero maviri akasiyana pamusoro pekwakabva huku yehuku kubva kuhuku yepakutanga: dzidziso imwe chete yepakutanga inobata kuti Red yepakutanga huku inogona kuchengetwa kamwe chete kana kupfuura;Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yekwakabva kwakawanda, kunze kweshiri tsvuku yesango, dzimwe Jungle Fowls zvakare madzitateguru ehuku dzekumba.Parizvino, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinotsigira dzidziso imwe chete yemavambo, ndiko kuti, huku yehuku yakanyanya kubva kushiri yesango tsvuku.

 

(1) Kuuchika kwemabroiler ekunze

Pamberi pemakore ekuma1930, kusarudzwa kweboka uye kurima kwemahara kwakaitwa.Mavara makuru ekusarudza aive kuita kwekugadzira mazai, huku yaigadzirwa nekugadzirwa, uye kupfuya huku yaive yemhando diki-yechivanze yehupfumi.Nekugadzirwa kwebhokisi rezai rekuzvivhara muma1930s, maitiro ekugadzirwa kwezai akasarudzwa maererano nerekodhi yekugadzira mazai ega;Mumakore ekuma1930-50, pachishandiswa tekinoroji yechibage chakapetwa kaviri sereferensi, heterosis yakaunzwa mukupfuya huku, iyo yakakurumidza kutsiva kupfuya mutsara wakachena, uye yakave iyo huru yekugadzira huku dzekutengesa.Nzira dzekufananidza dzemahybridization dzakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakatanga bhinari hybridization kusvika pakufananidza ternary neQuaternary.Kugona kwekusarudza kwevashoma uye vakaderera heritability mavara akavandudzwa mushure mekunge pedigree kurekodha kwakatangwa muna 1940s, uye kuderera kweinbreeding kwakakonzerwa nehama dzepedyo kwaigona kudziviswa.Mushure me1945, zviyedzo zvemuenzaniso zvakangoerekana zvaitwa nemamwe masangano echitatu kana zviteshi zvekuyedza muEurope neAmerica.Chinangwa chaive chekuongorora zvine mutsindo mhando dzakatora chikamu mukuongororwa pasi pemamiriro ekunze akafanana, uye akaita basa rinoshanda mukuvandudza chikamu chemusika chemhando dzakanakisa nekuita kwakanaka.Basa rakadaro rekuyera kuita rakamiswa muma1970.Mumakore ekuma1960-1980, kusarudzwa kukuru kwemaitiro ari nyore kuyera, akadai sekugadzirwa kwezai, kuchechenya mwero, kukura kwekukura uye chiyero chekushandura chikafu, chainyanya kugadzirwa nehuku yemapfupa uye kushandiswa kwemhuri.Kutemerwa kwekeji imwe chete yekushandurwa kwechikafu kubvira 1980s yakaita basa rakananga mukuderedza kudyiwa kwebroiler feed nekuvandudza mwero wekushandiswa kwechikafu.Kubva 1990s, maitiro ekugadzirisa akatariswa kune, senge net bore uremu uye boneless sternum huremu.Kushandiswa kwemajini ekuongorora nzira dzakadai seyakanakisa mutsara unbiased kufanotaura (BLUP) uye kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi hwekombuta kunoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwekubereka.Mushure mekupinda muzana remakore rechi21, kubereka kwebroiler kwakatanga kufunga nezvehutano hwezvigadzirwa uye hutano hwemhuka.Parizvino, tekinoroji yekuberekesa mamorekuru yebroiler inomiririrwa negenome wide selection (GS) iri kuchinja kubva pakutsvagisa nekusimudzira kuenda pakushandisa.

(2) Nzira yekuberekesa Broiler kuChina

Mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, huku dzomunzvimbomo muChina dzakanga dziri nyika inotungamira mukukandira mazai nekugadzirwa kwenyama.Semuenzaniso, kuunzwa kwehuku yemhumhi yegomo uye pfumbamwe yeJin yero huku kubva kuJiangsu neShanghai kuChina, zvino kubva kuUK kuenda kuUnited States, mushure mekuberekesa, yave ichizivikanwa semhando dzakajairwa munyika mbiri idzi.Langshan Chicken inoonekwa semhando yekushandisa mbiri, uye mapfumbamwe Jin yero huku inoonekwa senyama yakasiyana.Aya marudzi ane simba rakakosha pakuumbwa kwezvimwe zvipfuwo zvine mukurumbira pasi rose uye huku, zvakadai seBritish oppington neAustralia Black Australia yakaunza hukama hweropa hwewolf mountain chicken muChina.Rockcock, Luodao tsvuku uye mamwe marudzi anotorawo pfumbamwe Jin yero huku semidziyo yekuberekesa.Kubva pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 kusvika kuma1930, mazai nehuku zvinhu zvakakosha zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika muChina.Asi nekufamba kwenguva mushure meizvozvo, indasitiri yekupfuya huku muChina inoramba iri padanho rakakura rekupfuya, uye huwandu hwekugadzira huku huri kure nedanho repamusoro pasi rose.Pakati pe-1960s, marudzi matatu emuno eHuiyang huku, Qingyuan hemp huku uye Shiqi huku akasarudzwa sezvinhu zvikuru zvekuvandudza muHong Kong.Iyo hybrid yakaitwa nekushandisa nyowani Han Xia, bailoc, baikonish uye habad kupfuya Shiqi hybrid huku, iyo yakaita basa rakakosha mukugadzira uye kudyiwa kweHong Kong broilers.Kubva kumakore ekuma1970 kusvika kuma1980, huku yeShiqi yakaunzwa kuGuangdong neGuangxi, uye yakasanganiswa nehuku chena, ichiita huku yeShiqi yakasanganiswa uye yakapararira mukugadzirwa.Kubva kuma1960 kusvika kuma1980, takashandisa kuuchika kwakasanganiswa uye kusarudza mhuri kurima huku itsva yemhumhi yemugomo, huku yeXinpu East nehuku yexinyangzhou.Kubva 1983 kusvika 2015, yellow feather broilers vakatora nzira yekuberekesa kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uye vakashandisa zvizere misiyano yemamiriro ekunze, chikafu, manpower uye tekinoroji yekuberekesa pakati pekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uye vakarera huku dzevabereki. munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe dzeHenan, Shanxi neShaanxi.Mazai ekutengesa akatakurwa achidzoserwa kumaodzanyemba kuti afukidzwe nekusimudzirwa, izvo zvakavandudza kugadzirwa kweyero feather broilers.Kuberekeswa kwakarongeka kwebroiler yeyero feather kwakatanga mukupera kwema1980.Kuunzwa kwemajini ane mukana akawandisa akadai semajini akaderera uye madiki ekuchengetedza zviyo (DW gene) uye recessive white feather gene yakaita basa rakakosha mukuberekeswa kwebroiler dzeyellow feather kuChina.Chinenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chembeu dzeYellow Feather Broiler kuChina dzakashandisa nzira idzi.Muna 1986, kambani yekugadzira huku yeGuangzhou Baiyun yakaunza recessive white uye Shiqi hybrid huku kuti ibereke 882 yellow feather broilers.Muna 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. yakagadzira mutsara wekutanga weyero feather broiler 128 (Fig. 4) yakatenderwa nehurumende.Mushure meizvozvo, kurimwa kwerudzi rutsva rweYellow Feather Broiler muChina kwakapinda munguva yekukura nekukurumidza.Kuti urongedze kuongororwa uye kubvumidzwa kwakasiyana, iyo Huku Huku Kutarisisa uye yekuongorora uye Yekuyedza Center (Yangzhou) yeBazi rezvekurima nenzvimbo dzekumaruwa (Beijing) yakavambwa muna 1998 uye 2003 zvakateerana, uye yaive nebasa rekuita kugadzirwa kwehuku dzenyika. kuyerwa.

 

2、 Kuvandudzwa kwekupfuyiwa kwemazuva ano kwebroiler kumba nekune dzimwe nyika

(1) Kubudirira kwekunze

Kubva mukupera kwema1950s, kufambira mberi kwekupfuya kwemajini kwakateya hwaro hwekugadzirwa kwehuku dzemazuva ano, kwakasimudzira hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mazai nehuku, uye kugadzirwa kwebroiler kwave indasitiri yakazvimirira yehuku.Kwemakore makumi masere apfuura, North America nenyika dzekuMadokero kweEurope dzakaita zvakarongeka kubereka kwekukura, mubairo wekudya uye kuumbwa kwechitunha chehuku, vachigadzira marudzi emazuva ano machena ane feathered broiler uye nekukurumidza kutora musika wepasi rose.Mutsara wechirume wemazuva ano chena feathered broiler ichena Cornish huku, uye mutsara wechikadzi ichena Plymouth Rock huku.Iyo heterosis inogadzirwa nekusangana kwakarongeka.Parizvino, kusanganisira China, mhando huru dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira mabroilers ane feather chena munyika ndeye AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard uye mamwe mashoma emhando, anobva aviagen uye Cobb vantress zvakateerana.White feathered broiler ine yakakura uye yakakwana yekuberekesa system, inogadzira piramidhi chimiro chinoumbwa neboka rekurera, sekuru nasekuru, sekuru nasekuru, vabereki nehuku dzekutengesa.Zvinotora makore 4-5 kuti kufambira mberi kwemajini eboka repakati riendeswe kune huku dzekutengesa (Fig. 5).Huku imwe chete yehuku inogona kugadzira broilers dzinodarika mamiriyoni matatu uye matani anodarika 5000 ehuku.Parizvino, pasi rose rinogadzira maseti anosvika 11.6 miriyoni evapfuri vebroiler chena vane feathered, mamiriyoni 600 evapfuri vevabereki uye mabhiriyoni makumi masere ehuku dzekutengesa gore rega rega.

 

3, Matambudziko uye mapundu

（1） Kuberekeswa kwebroiler minhenga jena

Kana ichienzaniswa nedanho repasi rose rekupfuya nyama chena ine feathered broiler, yekuChina yakazvimiririra chena feathered broiler nguva ipfupi, hwaro hwekuita kwepamusoro kugadzirwa kwemajini kuunganidza haina simba, kushandisa matekinoroji matsva akadai sekurera mamorekuru hakuna kukwana, uye pane. mukaha mukuru mukutsvagisa nekuvandudza tekinoroji yekuchenesa chirwere cheprovenence uye zvigadzirwa zvekuona.Mashoko acho ndeaya anotevera: 1. Makambani emarudzi akawanda ane mutsara wemhando dzakanakisisa nekukura nokukurumidza uye chiyero chekugadzirwa kwenyama, uye kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa uye kurongekazve kwemakambani ekuberekesa akadai sebroilers uye layers, zvinhu uye majini zvinowedzera kupfumiswa, izvo zvinopa. vimbiso yekuberekeswa kwemarudzi matsva;Izvo zviwanikwa zvekuberekesa zvewhite feathered broiler muChina zvine hwaro husina kusimba uye zvishoma zvakanakisa zvekuberekesa.

2. Michina yekuberekesa.Zvichienzaniswa nemakambani epasi rese epasi rese ane makore anopfuura zana eruzivo rwekurera, kuberekeswa kwebroiler ine minhenga michena kuChina kwakatanga nguva yapera, uye pane mukaha mukuru pakati pekutsvagisa nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuberekesa pakati pekukura nekubereka pamwe nedanho repamusoro repasi rose.Dhigirii rekushandisa rematekinoroji matsva akadai sekuberekesa genome harina kukwirira;Kushaikwa kwepamusoro-kuburikidza phenotype kungwara kwakaringana kuyerwa tekinoroji, data otomatiki kuunganidza uye transmission application degree yakaderera.

3. Kucheneswa tekinoroji yezvirwere zveprovenance.Makambani makuru epasi rese anopfuya huku atora matanho ekuchenesa akasimba ezvirwere zveavian leukemia, pullorum nezvimwe zvinhu, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya kukwikwidza kwezvigadzirwa.Kucheneswa kweavian leukemia nepullorum ibhodhi ipfupi inotadzisa kusimukira kweindasitiri yekupfuya huku dzekuChina, uye makiti ekuona anovimba zvakanyanya nekutenga kunze kwenyika.

（2） Kuberekeswa kwebroiler minhenga yeyero

Kuberekwa nekugadzirwa kwebroiler yeyero feathered kuChina kuri padanho rinotungamira pasi rose.Zvisinei, nhamba yemabhizimisi ekuberekesa ihombe, chiyero hachina kuenzana, simba rose rehutano harina simba, kushandiswa kweteknolojia yekuberekesa kwepamusoro hakuna kukwana, uye nzvimbo dzekuberekesa nemidziyo zvakadzokera shure;Pane imwe dhigirii yekudzokorora chiitiko chekuberekesa, uye kune mashoma emhando dzakasiyana dzine hunhu huri pachena, kuita kwakanakisa uye mugove mukuru wemusika;Kwenguva yakareba, chinangwa chekuberekesa ndechekugadzirisa kuwirirana kwekutengesa huku mhenyu, senge ruvara rweminhenga, chimiro chemuviri uye chitarisiko, izvo zvisingakwanisi kusangana nemusika wekuda kwekuuraya kwepakati uye zvigadzirwa zvakatonhora pasi pemamiriro matsva.

Kune mhando dzakawanda dzehuku dzemuno muChina, dzakagadzira akawanda akanakisa genetic maitiro pasi penguva refu uye yakaoma ecological uye yemagariro nehupfumi mamiriro.Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba, pane kushayikwa kwekutsvakurudza kwakadzama pamusoro pezvimiro zvegermplasm resources, kuongorora uye kuongororwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana hazvina kukwana, uye kuongorora uye kuongorora kushayikwa kwerutsigiro rwakakwana rwemashoko.Pamusoro pezvo, kuvakwa kwesimba rekutarisa sisitimu yezvakasiyana zviwanikwa hakuna kukwana, uye kuongororwa kwezviwanikwa zviwanikwa zvine kuchinjika kwakasimba, goho repamusoro uye mhando yepamusoro mune zvemajini zviwanikwa hazvina kukwana uye zvakarongeka, izvo zvinotungamira kushomeka kwakakomba kwemigodhi nekushandisa. hunhu hwakanaka hwemhando dzemuno, zvinokanganisa maitiro ekudzivirira, kusimudzira uye kushandiswa kwenzvimbo dzemajini zviwanikwa, uye zvinokanganisa mwero wekugadzirwa kweindasitiri yehuku muChina Musika wemakwikwi ezvigadzirwa zvehuku uye kusimudzira kwakasimba kweindasitiri yehuku.