Inkukhu yeyona nto ivelisa inyama enkulu kunye nemveliso esetyenziswayo kwihlabathi.Malunga ne-70% yenkukhu yehlabathi jikelele iphuma kwiinyama zenyama ezimhlophe.Inkukhu yimveliso yesibini enkulu yenyama e-China.Inkukhu yase China iphuma ikakhulu kwi broilers ezinentsiba ezimhlophe kunye ne broilers ezineentsiba ezityheli.Igalelo leenkuku ezineentsiba ezimhlophe kwimveliso yenkukhu eTshayina limalunga nama-45%, kwaye elo leebroiler ezineentsiba ezimthubi limalunga nama-38%.

Ibroiler eneentsiba ezimhlophe yeyona inomlinganiselo ophantsi wokutya nenyama, elona qondo liphezulu lokuzala okukhulu kunye nelona qondo liphezulu lokuxhomekeka ngaphandle.Iintlobo zeebroiler ezineentsiba ezimthubi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso yase China zonke zizifuyo ezizikhuliselayo, kwaye inani leendidi ezilinywayo lelona likhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo zemfuyo kunye neenkukhu, ngumzekelo oyimpumelelo wokuguqula inzuzo yobutyebi benzala yasekhaya ibe yinzuzo yemveliso.

1、 Imbali yoPhuhliso lweentlobo zeenkukhu

Inkukhu yasekhaya yafuywa yi-Asian jungle pheasant kwiminyaka eyi-7000-10000 eyadlulayo, kwaye imbali yayo yokwenziwa kwasekhaya inokulandelwa emva kwe-1000 BC.Inkukhu yasekhaya iyafana nenkukhu yokuqala ngokumila komzimba, umbala wentsiba, ingoma njalo njalo.Izifundo ze-Cytogenetic kunye ne-morphological ziye zabonisa ukuba inkukhu yokuqala iyikhokho ngokuthe ngqo kwinkukhu yasekhaya yanamhlanje.Kukho iintlobo ezine ze-genus Gallinula, ezibomvu (i-Gallus gallus, i-Fig. 3), ikhola eluhlaza (i-Gallus eyahlukeneyo), i-black tailed (Gallus lafayetii) kunye ne-Grey Striped (Gallus sonnerati).Kukho iimbono ezimbini ezahlukeneyo malunga nemvelaphi yenkukhu yasekhaya ukusuka kwinkukhu yokuqala: ithiyori yemvelaphi enye ibambe ukuba inkukhu yokuqala eBomvu inokukhuliswa kanye okanye ngaphezulu;Ngokutsho kwethiyori yeemvelaphi ezininzi, ukongeza kwintaka ebomvu yasehlathini, ezinye iiNkuni zeJungle nazo zizinyanya zeenkukhu zasekhaya.Okwangoku, uninzi lwamaphononongo luxhasa ithiyori yemvelaphi enye, oko kukuthi, inkukhu yasekhaya ubukhulu becala ivela kwintaka ebomvu yehlathi.

 

(1) Inkqubo yokukhulisa iinkuku zangaphandle

Ngaphambi kwee-1930s, ukukhethwa kweqela kunye nokulima kwamahhala kwaqhutywa.Abalinganiswa abakhethiweyo abaphambili yayiyimveliso yeqanda, inkukhu yayiyimveliso, kwaye ukuzala kwenkukhu yayiyimodeli yezoqoqosho kwintendelezo encinci.Ngokuyilwa kwebhokisi yeqanda ezivalayo ngo-1930s, ukusebenza kwemveliso yeqanda kwakhethwa ngokwerekhodi yemveliso yeqanda;Ngeminyaka yoo-1930s-50, kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe bemihlanganiselwa yombona ephindwe kabini njengesalathiso, i-heterosis yangeniswa ekufuyweni kweenkukhu, neyathi yakhawuleza yathatha indawo yokufuya i- pure line, kwaye yaba yeyona nto iphambili kwimveliso yenkukhu yorhwebo.Iindlela ezihambelanayo zokuxutywa ziye zaphuhliswa ngokuthe chu ukusuka kwi-binary hybridization yokuqala ukuya kungqamaniso lwe-ternary kunye ne-Quaternary.Ukuphumelela kokukhethwa kweempawu ezilinganiselweyo kunye nezisezantsi zaphuculwa emva kokurekhodwa komnombo kwaqalwa ngo-1940, kwaye ukuhla kwe-inbreeding okubangelwa zizihlobo ezisondeleyo kunokuphetshwa.Emva kowe-1945, iimvavanyo zesampulu ezingakhethiyo zenziwa ngamanye amaziko omntu wesithathu okanye izikhululo zovavanyo eYurophu naseMelika.Injongo yayikukuvavanya ngokungakhethi cala iindidi ezithatha inxaxheba kuvavanyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwadlala indima ebonakalayo ekuphuculeni isabelo semarike seentlobo ezigqwesileyo ezisebenza ngokugqwesileyo.Umsebenzi onjalo wokulinganisa intsebenzo uye wapheliswa ngeminyaka yoo-1970.Kwiminyaka ye-1960-1980, ukhetho oluphambili lweempawu ezilula ukulinganisa, ezifana nokuveliswa kweqanda, izinga lokuqandusela, izinga lokukhula kunye nesantya sokuguqulwa kokutya, ubukhulu becala benziwe ngethambo lenkukhu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlu.Ukumiselwa kwekheyiji enye yesantya sokuguqulwa kwesondlo ukusukela ngo-1980s kudlale indima ethe ngqo ekunciphiseni ukutya kwebroiler kunye nokuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwesondlo.Ukususela ngo-1990, iimpawu zokucubungula zinikwe ingqalelo, ezifana ne-net bore weight kunye ne-boneless sternum weight.Ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokuvavanya imfuzo njengeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo yokuxela kwangaphambili okungakhethi cala (BLUP) kunye nenkqubela phambili yeteknoloji yekhompyutha idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ukuzala.Emva kokungena kwinkulungwane ye-21, ukuzala kwe-broiler kwaqala ukuqwalasela umgangatho weemveliso kunye nentlalontle yezilwanyana.Okwangoku, iteknoloji ye-molecular breeding ye-broiler emelwe yi-genome wide selection (GS) iyatshintsha ukusuka kuphando kunye nophuhliso ukuya kwisicelo.

(2) Inkqubo yokufuya iNkutho yenkukhu eTshayina

Embindini wenkulungwane ye-19, iinkukhu zasekuhlaleni eTshayina zazinkqenkqeza phambili ngokubeka amaqanda nenyama ehlabathini lonke.Umzekelo, ukungeniswa kwenkuku yeentaba zeengcuka kunye nenkukhu ephuzi yeJin esithoba evela eJiangsu naseShanghai eChina, emva koko isuka e-UK isiya eUnited States, emva kokuzala, iye yamkelwa njengeentlobo eziqhelekileyo kumazwe omabini.Inkukhu yeLangshan ithathwa njengentlobo ezimbini ezisetyenziswayo, kwaye inkukhu ephuzi yeJin esithoba ithathwa njengeentlobo zenyama.Ezi ntlobo zinempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekubunjweni kwezilwanyana ezidumileyo zehlabathi kunye neendidi zeenkukhu, ezifana ne-oppington yaseBritani kunye ne-Australian Black Australia ziye zazisa ubudlelwane begazi lenkuku yeentaba zeentaba e-China.I-Rockcock, i-Luodao ebomvu kunye nezinye iindidi zithatha iinkukhu ezilithoba zeJin ezityheli njengezixhobo zokuzala.Ukususela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 ukuya kwi-1930s, amaqanda kunye nenkukhu zibalulekile iimveliso ezithunyelwa ngaphandle e-China.Kodwa kwixesha elide emva koko, imboni yokukhulisa inkukhu e-China ihlala kwinqanaba elibanzi lokukhuliswa, kwaye inqanaba lokuvelisa inkukhu likude kwinqanaba eliphezulu kwihlabathi.Phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1960, iintlobo ezintathu zasekuhlaleni zenkukhu ye-Huiyang, inkukhu ye-Qingyuan hemp kunye ne-Shiqi yenkukhu zakhethwa njengezona zinto ziphambili zokuphucula eHong Kong.Umhlanganiselwa wenziwa kusetyenziswa iHan Xia entsha, i-bailoc, i-baikonish kunye ne-habad ukufuya inkukhu eyi-Shiqi hybrid, eyadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuveliseni nasekutyeni iinkuku zaseHong Kong.Ukusuka ngeminyaka yoo 1970 ukuya ko 1980s, inkukhu ye Shiqi hybrid yaziswa e Guangdong nase Guangxi, yaze yadityaniswa neenkukhu ezimhlophe eziguquguqukayo, zenza inkukhu engumxube yeShiqi elungisiweyo kwaye yasasazeka ngokubanzi kwimveliso.Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1960 ukuya koo-1980, sasebenzisa ukuzala okuxutyiweyo kunye nokukhethwa kosapho ukulima inkukhu entsha yengcuka yasentabeni, inkukhu yaseXinpu East kunye nenkukhu yasexinyangzhou.Ukusukela ngo-1983 ukuya kowama-2015, iibroilers ezinontsiba ezityheli zamkela indlela yokuzala emantla nasezantsi, kwaye zawusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo umahluko wemozulu, ukutya, amandla okusebenza kunye nobugcisa bokuzala phakathi kwamantla namazantsi, kwaye zakhulisa iinkukhu zabazali. kwiindawo ezisemantla eHenan, eShanxi naseShaanxi.Amaqanda athengiswayo abuyiselwa emazantsi ukuze afukanyiswe kwaye akhuliswe, nto leyo eyaphucula impumelelo yemveliso yeenkukhu zenyama ezimthubi.Ukuzala ngokucwangcisiweyo kwebroiler yeentsiba ezimthubi kwaqala ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1980.Ukwaziswa kohlobo lwemfuza olunenzuzo egqithileyo olufana nemfuza ephantsi kunye nencinci yokonga iinkozo (i-DW gene) kunye nejini yentsiba emhlophe ephindaphindekayo idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekuzalweni kweenkuku zenyama ezityheli eTshayina.Malunga nesinye kwisithathu seendidi zeNkunkuma eziNtsiba eziMthubi eTshayina zisebenzise obu buchule.Ngo-1986, inkampani yophuhliso lweenkukhu eGuangzhou Baiyun yazisa inkukhu emhlophe ephinda-phindayo kunye neShiqi hybrid ukuze kufuywe iinkukhu ezingama-882 ezityheli.Kwi-1999, i-Shenzhen kangdal (iQela) Co., Ltd. yavelisa umgca wokuqala ohambelana ne-yellow feather broiler 128 (umzobo 4) ovunywe ngurhulumente.Emva koko, ukulinywa kohlobo olutsha lwe-Yellow Feather Broiler e-China kwangena kwixesha lophuhliso olukhawulezayo.Ukuze kuququzelelwe uviwo oluhlukeneyo kunye nokuvunywa, iZiko loLondolozo lweMgangatho weNkukhu kunye nokuhlolwa kunye noVavanyo (Yangzhou) yeSebe lezoLimo kunye neendawo zasemaphandleni (Beijing) yasekwa ngo-1998 kunye no-2003 ngokulandelelana, kwaye yayijongene nokusebenza kwemveliso yeenkukhu kuzwelonke. umlinganiselo.

 

2、 Uphuhliso lokuzala kwenyama yenyama yala maxesha ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe

(1) Uphuhliso lwangaphandle

Ukusukela ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo 1950s, inkqubela phambili yofuzo lwemfuzo iye yabeka isiseko semveliso yenkukhu yala maxesha, yakhuthaza ubuchule bokuvelisa amaqanda nenkukhu, kwaye imveliso yebroiler iye yaba lishishini lenkukhu elizimeleyo.Kule minyaka ingama-80 idlulileyo, uMntla Merika kunye namazwe aseNtshona Yurophu aqhubele phambili ukuzala ngokwemfuza okucwangcisiweyo ngesantya sokukhula, umvuzo wesondlo kunye nokwakhiwa kwenyama yenkukhu, zenza iintlobo zanamhlanje zenyama yenkukhu eneentsiba ezimhlophe kwaye zithatha ngokukhawuleza imarike yehlabathi.Umgca wendoda ye-broiler yanamhlanje enentsiba emhlophe yinkukhu emhlophe yaseCornish, kwaye umgca webhinqa yinkukhu emhlophe yePlymouth Rock.I-heterosis iveliswa ngokukhwelana okucwangcisiweyo.Okwangoku, kubandakanywa i-China, iintlobo eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kweenkukhu ezimhlophe emhlabeni jikelele yi-AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard kunye nezinye iindidi ezimbalwa, ezisuka kwi-aviagen kunye ne-Cobb vantress ngokulandelelana.Ibroiler eneentsiba ezimhlophe inenkqubo yokuzala ekhulileyo negqibeleleyo, eyenza iphiramidi isakhiwo esiqulunqwe liqela elingundoqo lokuzala, ootatomkhulu noomakhulu, oomakhulu nootatomkhulu, abazali kunye neenkukhu zorhwebo.Kuthatha iminyaka eyi-4-5 ukuba inkqubela yofuzo yeqela eliphambili idluliselwe kwiinkukhu zorhwebo (umzobo 5).Inkukhu enye engundoqo inokuvelisa ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 zenyama yenkukhu kunye neetoni ezingaphezu kwama-5000 zenkukhu.Okwangoku, ihlabathi livelisa malunga ne-11.6 yezigidi zeeseti zokufuya iinkukhu ezineentsiba ezimhlophe, iiseti zezigidi ezingama-600 zabazali abakhulisa abantwana kunye nama-80 eebhiliyoni zeenkukhu ezirhwebayo minyaka le.

 

3. Iingxaki kunye nezithuba

(1) Ukuzala kwebroiler eneentsiba ezimhlophe

Xa kuthelekiswa nenqanaba eliphezulu lamazwe ngamazwe lokuzala kwenyama emhlophe eneentsiba, ixesha laseTshayina elizimeleyo lokuzala ibroiler eneentsiba ezimhlophe lifutshane, isiseko semveliso ephezulu yokuqokelelana imathiriyeli yemfuza sibuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nokuzala kweemolekyuli akwanelanga, kwaye kukho. umsantsa omkhulu kuphando kunye nophuhliso lweteknoloji yokuhlanjululwa kwesifo kunye neemveliso zokubona.Iinkcukacha zimi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 1. Iinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zinoluhlu lweentlobo ezibalaseleyo ngokukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nesantya esiphezulu semveliso yenyama, kunye nokudibanisa kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweenkampani zokuzala ezifana ne-broilers kunye neengqimba, izixhobo kunye nejene ziphuculwe ngakumbi, ezibonelela. isiqinisekiso sokuzala kweentlobo ezintsha;Imithombo yokufuya yebroiler eneentsiba ezimhlophe eTshayina inesiseko esibuthathaka kunye nezixhobo ezimbalwa ezibalaseleyo zokuzala.

2. Iteknoloji yokuzala.Xa kuthelekiswa neenkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezineminyaka engaphezu kwe-100 yamava okuzala, ukuzala kwenyama yenyama emhlophe e-China yaqala emva kwexesha, kwaye kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kophando kunye nokusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuzala obulungelelanisiweyo phakathi kokukhula kunye nokuzala kunye nenqanaba eliphezulu lamazwe ngamazwe.Idigri yesicelo sobuchwepheshe obutsha obufana nokuzalanisa i-genome ayikho phezulu;Ukunqongophala kwephenotype ekrelekrele yokulinganisa itekhnoloji echanekileyo, ukuqokelelwa kwedatha okuzenzekelayo kunye nesidanga sokuhambisa isicelo siphantsi.

3. Itekhnoloji yokuhlanjululwa kwezifo zeprovenance.Iinkampani ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe ezifuya iinkukhu zithathe amanyathelo okucoca asebenzayo kwizifo zosulelo oluthe nkqo lwe-avian leukemia, i-pullorum kunye nezinye iimpawu, ziphucula kakhulu ukukhuphisana kweemveliso.Ukucocwa kwe-avian leukemia kunye ne-pullorum yibhodi emfutshane ethintela uphuhliso loshishino lweenkukhu zase-China, kwaye izixhobo zokufumanisa zixhomekeke kakhulu ekuthengeni ngaphandle.

(2) Ukuzala kwebroiler eneentsiba ezityheli

Ukuzala kunye nokuveliswa kwebroiler eneentsiba ezityheli e-China kukwinqanaba eliphambili kwihlabathi.Nangona kunjalo, inani lamashishini okuzala likhulu, isikali asilingani, amandla obugcisa ngokubanzi abuthathaka, ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa obuphambili bokuzala akwanele, kunye nezixhobo zokufuya kunye nezixhobo zibuya ngasemva;Kukho iqondo elithile lokuphinda isenzeko sokuzala, kwaye kukho iindidi ezimbalwa ezingundoqo ezineempawu ezicacileyo, ukusebenza okugqwesileyo kunye nesabelo esikhulu semarike;Ixesha elide, injongo yokuzala kukulungelelanisa ukuthengiswa kweenkukhu eziphilayo, ezinjengombala weentsiba, ukumila komzimba kunye nenkangeleko, engenako ukuhlangabezana nemfuno yemarike yokuxhela okuphakathi kunye neemveliso ezipholileyo phantsi kwemeko entsha.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeenkukhu zasekhaya e-China, ezithe zenza iimpawu ezininzi ezibalaseleyo zofuzo phantsi kwexesha elide kunye neemeko ezinzima ze-ikholoji kunye nentlalo-qoqosho.Nangona kunjalo, ixesha elide, kukho ukungabikho kophando olunzulu malunga neempawu zemithombo ye-germplasm, uphando kunye novavanyo lwezixhobo ezahlukeneyo alwanelanga, kwaye uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo lunqongophala lwenkxaso yolwazi olwaneleyo.Ukongeza, ulwakhiwo lwenkqubo yokubeka iliso eguquguqukayo yezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo akwanelanga, kwaye uvavanyo lweempawu zemithombo ezinokuguquguquka okuqinileyo, isivuno esiphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu kwimithombo yemfuza ayiphelelanga kwaye icwangcisiwe, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunqongophelweni okukhulu kwemigodi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigodi. iimpawu ezigqwesileyo zeentlobo zengingqi, zithintela inkqubo yokhuseleko, uphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwemithombo yemfuza yasekhaya, kwaye kuchaphazela umgangatho wemveliso yoshishino lweenkukhu e-China ukhuphiswano lweMarike yeemveliso zenkukhu kunye nophuhliso oluzinzileyo loshishino lweenkukhu.