Khoho ke sehlahisoa se seholohali sa tlhahiso le tšebeliso ea nama lefatšeng.Hoo e ka bang 70% ea likhoho tsa lefats'e li tsoa ho likhoho tsa nama tse tšoeu tsa masiba.Khoho ke sehlahisoa sa bobeli se seholo sa nama Chaena.Khoho ea Chaena haholo-holo e tsoa ho likhoho tse nang le masiba a masoeu le likhoho tse nang le masiba a mosehla.Tlatsetso ea likhoho tse masiba a masoeu tlhahisong ea likhoho Chaena e ka ba 45%, 'me ea likhoho tse masiba a mosehla e ka ba 38%.

Broiler ya masiba a masweu ke yona e nang le karo-karolelano e tlase ya phepo ho nama, tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya tswadiso e kgolo le tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ya ho itshetleha ka ntle.Mefuta ea likhoho tse entsoeng ka masiba a Yellow e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea China kaofela ke mefuta e itsoelang, 'me palo ea mefuta e lengoang ke e kholo ka ho fetisisa har'a mefuta eohle ea liphoofolo tse ruuoang le likhoho, e leng mohlala o atlehileng oa ho fetola melemo ea mehloli ea lehae hore e be molemo oa lihlahisoa.

1、 Nalane ea nts'etsopele ea mefuta ea likhoho

Khoho ea lapeng e ne e ruiloe ke li-jungle pheasant tsa Asia lilemong tse 7000-10000 tse fetileng, 'me nalane ea eona ea lapeng e ka saloa morao ho feta 1000 BC.Khoho ea lapeng e tšoana le khoho ea pele ka sebōpeho sa 'mele,' mala oa masiba, pina joalo-joalo.Lithuto tsa Cytogenetic le morphological li pakile hore khoho ea pele ke moholo-holo oa likhoho tsa mehleng ea kajeno.Ho na le mefuta e mene ea mofuta oa Gallinula, e khubelu (Gallus gallus, Setšoantšo sa 3), molaleng o motala (Gallus tse fapa-fapaneng), mohatla o motšo (Gallus lafayetii) le Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati).Ho na le maikutlo a mabeli a fapaneng mabapi le tšimoloho ea khoho ea lapeng ho tloha ho khoho ea pele: khopolo e le 'ngoe ea tšimoloho e tiisa hore khoho ea pele e khubelu e ka ruuoa hang kapa ho feta;Ho ea ka khopolo ea mefuta e mengata ea tlhaho, ho phaella ho nonyana e khubelu ea morung, Li-Jungle Fowls tse ling hape ke baholo-holo ba likhoho tsa malapeng.Hona joale, liphuputso tse ngata li tšehetsa khopolo e le 'ngoe ea tšimoloho, ke hore, khōhō e ruuoang lapeng haholo-holo e simolohile ho red jungle fowl.

 

(1) Mokhoa oa ho tsoalisa likhoho tsa likhoho tse tsoang kantle ho naha

Pele ho lilemo tsa bo-1930, khetho ea sehlopha le temo e sa lefelloeng ea leloko li ile tsa etsoa.Litlhaku tse ka sehloohong tsa khetho e ne e le ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea mahe, likhoho e ne e le sehlahisoa, 'me khoho e ne e le mohlala oa moruo oa lebaleng le lenyenyane.Ka ho qaptjoa ha lebokose la lehe le itsoalang ka bo-1930, ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea mahe e ile ea khethoa ho latela tlaleho ea tlhahiso ea lehe ka bomong;Lilemong tsa bo-1930-50, ho sebelisoa theknoloji e nyalisitsoeng ea poone e le 'ngoe e le litšupiso, heterosis e ile ea hlahisoa ho tsoalisong ea likhoho, e ileng ea nkela sebaka sa ho tsoala ha likhoho, 'me ea fetoha mohloli o moholo oa tlhahiso ea likhoho tsa khoebo.Mekhoa e ts'oanang ea ho kopanya e tsoetse pele butle-butle ho tloha qalong ea binary hybridization ho ea ho ternary le Quaternary.Bokhoni ba khetho ea litlhaku tse lekanyelitsoeng le tse tlase tsa tlhaho bo ile ba ntlafatsoa ka mor'a hore rekoto ea meloko e qaliloe ka bo-1940, 'me ho fokotseha ho bakoang ke beng ka bona ba haufi ho ka qojoa.Kamora 1945, liteko tsa sampole tse sa reroang li ile tsa etsoa ke litsi tsa mokha oa boraro kapa liteishene tsa liteko Europe le Amerika.Maikaelelo e ne e le go tlhatlhoba ka tekatekano mefuta e e nang le seabe mo tshekatshekong ka fa tlase ga maemo a a tshwanang a tikologo, mme a nna le seabe se segolo mo go tokafatseng karolo ya mmaraka ya mefuta e e gaisang ka tiragatso e e gaisang.Mosebetsi o joalo oa ho lekanya ts'ebetso o ile oa felisoa ka bo-1970.Lilemong tsa bo-1960-1980, khetho e kholo ea litšobotsi tse bonolo ho lekanya, tse kang tlhahiso ea mahe, sekhahla sa ho qhotsoa, ​​sekhahla sa kholo le sekhahla sa phepelo ea phepelo, haholo-holo e entsoe ka khoho ea masapo le tšebeliso ea malapa.Qeto e le 'ngoe ea sekhahla sa phepelo ea phepelo ho tloha ka bo-1980 e bile le karolo e tobileng ho fokotsa tšebeliso ea phepelo ea likhoho le ho ntlafatsa sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea lijo.Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1990, litšoaneleho tsa ts'ebetso li lebisitsoe tlhokomelo ho tsona, tse kang boima ba 'mele le boima ba sternum bo se nang bone.Tšebeliso ea mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e kang the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea k'homphieutha e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa ntlafatsong ea ho ikatisa.Ka mor'a ho kena lekholong la bo21 la lilemo, tlhahiso ea likhoho e ile ea qala ho nahana ka boleng ba lihlahisoa le boiketlo ba liphoofolo.Hajoale, theknoloji ea ho ikatisa ea limolek'hule ea likhoho tse emeloang ke mofuta o pharaletseng oa liphatsa tsa lefutso (GS) e ntse e fetoha ho tloha ho lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ho isa ts'ebetsong.

(2) Ts'ebetso ea ho ikatisa ea Broiler naheng ea China

Bohareng ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo, likhoho tsa sebakeng seo Chaena e ne e le tsona tse etellang pele ho behela mahe le tlhahiso ea nama.Ka mohlala, ho hlahisoa ha khoho ea thaba ea wolf le khōhō e robong ea Jin e mosehla ho tloha Jiangsu le Shanghai ea Chaena, ebe ho tloha UK ho ea United States, ka mor'a ho ikatisa, e 'nile ea amoheloa e le mefuta e tloaelehileng linaheng ka bobeli.Khoho ea Langshan e nkuoa e le mofuta o sebelisoang habeli, 'me likhoho tse robong tsa Jin tse mosehla li nkuoa e le mefuta ea nama.Mefuta ena e na le tšusumetso ea bohlokoa ho thehoeng ha mefuta e meng e tummeng ea liphoofolo le likhoho, joalo ka British oppington le Australian Black Australia e hlahisitse kamano ea mali ea khoho ea thaba ea wolf naheng ea Chaena.Rockcock, Luodao red le mefuta e meng e boetse e nka likhoho tse robong tsa Jin e le lisebelisoa tsa ho ikatisa.Ho tloha bofelong ba lekholo la bo19 la lilemo ho isa ho 1930s, mahe le likhoho ke lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa tsa thepa e rekisoang Chaena.Empa ka nako e telele ka mor'a moo, indasteri ea ho hōlisa likhoho Chaena e lula e le boemong bo pharaletseng ba ho hōlisa, 'me boemo ba tlhahiso ea likhoho bo hole le boemo bo tsoetseng pele lefatšeng.Bohareng ba lilemo tsa bo-1960, mefuta e meraro ea lehae ea khoho ea Huiyang, khoho ea Qingyuan hemp le khoho ea Shiqi e ile ea khethoa e le lintho tsa mantlha tsa ntlafatso Hong Kong.Lebasetere lena le ile la etsoa ka ho sebelisa Han Xia e ncha, bailoc, baikonish le habad ho tsoalisa likhoho tsa Shiqi hybrid, tse ileng tsa phetha karolo ea bohlokoa tlhahisong le tšebelisong ea likhoho tsa Hong Kong.Ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1970 ho isa ho 1980, khoho e nyalisitsoeng ea Shiqi e ile ea tsebisoa Guangdong le Guangxi, 'me ea kopanngoa le likhoho tse tšoeu tse feteletseng, ho etsa khoho e nyalisitsoeng ea Shiqi le ho hasana ka tlhahiso.Ho tloha ka bo-1960 ho isa ho bo-1980, re ile ra sebelisa mefuta e nyalisitsoeng ea ho ikatisa le khetho ea malapa ho lema khoho e ncha ea wolf mountain, ea Xinpu East le khoho ea xinyangzhou.Ho tloha ka 1983 ho isa 2015, likhoho tsa masiba a mosehla li ile tsa amohela mokhoa oa ho ikatisa ka leboea le boroa, 'me tsa sebelisa ka botlalo phapang ea maemo a leholimo, phepo, basebetsi le theknoloji ea ho ikatisa lipakeng tsa leboea le boroa, 'me tsa holisa likhoho tsa batsoali. libakeng tse ka leboea tsa Henan, Shanxi le Shaanxi.Mahe a kgwebo a ile a kgutlisetswa ka borwa bakeng sa ho elama le ho hodisa, e leng se ileng sa ntlafatsa bokgoni ba tlhahiso ya ditsuonyana tse tshehla tsa masiba.Ts'ebetso e hlophisitsoeng ea broiler ea masiba a mosehla e qalile ho elella bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1980.Kenyelletso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse nang le melemo e mengata joalo ka mefuta e tlase le e nyane e bolokang lijo-thollo (DW gene) le mofuta oa masiba a masoeu a feteletseng a bile le karolo ea bohlokoa ho tsoalisoeng ha likhoho tsa masiba a mosehla naheng ea China.Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea mefuta ea likhoho tsa nama ea Masiba a Yellow naheng ea Chaena e sebelisitse mekhoa ena.Ka 1986, k'hamphani ea nts'etsopele ea likhoho ea Guangzhou Baiyun e ile ea hlahisa likhoho tse tšoeu le tsa Shiqi tse nyalisitsoeng ho tsoalisa likhoho tse 882 tsa masiba a mosehla.Ka 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. e ile ea hlahisa mohala oa pele o ts'oanang oa masiba a mosehla a broiler 128 (setšoantšo sa 4) se amohetsoeng ke mmuso.Ka mor'a moo, temo ea mefuta e mecha ea Yellow Feather Broiler naheng ea Chaena e kene nakong ea tsoelo-pele e potlakileng.Bakeng sa ho hokahanya tlhahlobo le tumello e fapaneng, Setsi sa Tlhokomelo le Teko ea Boleng ba Likhoho (Yangzhou) sa Lekala la Temo le libaka tsa mahaeng (Beijing) se thehiloe ka 1998 le 2003 ka ho latellana, 'me se ne se ikarabella bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso ea likhoho tsa naha. tekanyo.

 

2、 Nts'etsopele ea kholiso ea likhoho tsa sejoale-joale lapeng le kantle ho naha

(1) Tsoelo-pele ea kantle ho naha

Ho tloha bofelong ba lilemo tsa bo-1950, tsoelo-pele ea tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ralile motheo oa tlhahiso ea likhoho ea morao-rao, e khothalelitse tsebo e khethehileng ea tlhahiso ea mahe le likhoho, 'me tlhahiso ea likhoho e fetohile indasteri e ikemetseng ea likhoho.Lilemong tse 80 tse fetileng, Amerika Leboea le linaha tsa Europe Bophirima li entse tlhahiso e hlophisehileng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso bakeng sa sekhahla sa kholo, moputso oa phepo le sebopeho sa setopo sa likhoho, ho theha mefuta ea kajeno ea li-broiler tse masiba a masoeu 'me e lula' marakeng oa lefatše ka potlako.Mohala o motona oa broiler ea masiba a masoeu ea sejoale-joale ke khoho e tšoeu ea Cornish, 'me mola o motšehali ke khoho e tšoeu ea Plymouth Rock.The heterosis e hlahisoa ke ho nyalana ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng.Hajoale, ho kenyeletsoa China, mefuta e meholo e sebelisoang tlhahisong ea likhoho tse masiba a masoeu lefatšeng ke AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard le mefuta e meng e seng mekae, e tsoang ho aviagen le Cobb vantress ka ho latellana.Broiler e masiba a masoeu e na le mokhoa oa ho ikatisa o holileng le o phethahetseng, o etsa sebopeho sa piramide se entsoeng ka sehlopha sa mantlha sa ho ikatisa, bo-nkhono le bo-ntate-moholo, bo-ntate-moholo, batsoali le likhoho tsa khoebo.Ho nka lilemo tse 4-5 hore tsoelo-pele ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ea sehlopha sa mantlha e fetisetsoe ho likhoho tsa khoebo (setšoantšo sa 5).Khoho e le 'ngoe ea mantlha e ka hlahisa likhoho tse fetang limilione tse 3 tsa likhoho le lithane tse fetang 5000 tsa likhoho.Hajoale, lefats'e le hlahisa lihlopha tse ka bang limilione tse 11.6 tsa li-broiler tse nang le masiba a masoeu, lihlopha tse limilione tse 600 tsa batsoali le likhoho tsa khoebo tse limilione tse likete tse 80 selemo se seng le se seng.

 

3. Mathata le likheo

(1) Ho tsoalisoa ha likhoho tsa masiba a masoeu

Ha ho bapisoa le boemo bo tsoetseng pele ba machaba ba ho tsoalisa likhoho tse masiba a masoeu, nako ea China e ikemetseng ea ho tsoalisa ea masiba a masoeu e khuts'oane, motheo oa ts'ebetso e phahameng ea pokello ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ha oa fokola, ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a macha joalo ka tlhahiso ea limolek'hule ha ea lekana, 'me ho na le lekhalo le leholo liphuputsong le nts'etsopele ea thekenoloji ea ho hloekisa lefu la provenance le lihlahisoa tsa ho lemoha.Lintlha ke tse latelang: 1. Lik'hamphani tsa machaba li na le letoto la mefuta e metle ka ho hōla ka potlako le tekanyo e phahameng ea tlhahiso ea nama, 'me ka ho kopana le ho hlophisoa bocha ha lik'hamphani tsa ho ikatisa tse kang li-broilers le layers, thepa le liphatsa tsa lefutso li ntlafatsoa ka ho eketsehileng, e leng se fanang ka. tiisetso ea ho tsoala mefuta e mecha;Lisebelisoa tsa ho ikatisa tsa broiler e masiba a masoeu Chaena li na le motheo o fokolang le lisebelisoa tse seng kae tse babatsehang tsa ho ikatisa.

2. Theknoloji ea ho ikatisa.Ha ho bapisoa le lik'hamphani tsa machaba tsa machaba tse nang le phihlelo ea lilemo tse fetang 100 tsa ho ikatisa, ho tsoalisoa ha likhoho tse masiba a masoeu Chaena ho qalile morao tjena, 'me ho na le lekhalo le leholo pakeng tsa lipatlisiso le tšebeliso ea theknoloji e leka-lekaneng ea ho ikatisa pakeng tsa kholo le ho ikatisa le boemo bo tsoetseng pele ba machaba.Tekanyo ea ts'ebeliso ea mahlale a macha joalo ka tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ha e phahame;Ho haella ha theknoloji e phahameng ea phenotype e bohlale ea ho lekanya, pokello ea data ea othomathike le degree ea kopo ea phetisetso e tlase.

3. Theknoloji ea tlhoekiso ea mafu a provenance.Lik'hamphani tse kholo tsa machaba tse tsoalisang likhoho li nkile mehato e sebetsang ea tlhoekiso bakeng sa mafu a tšoaetsanoang a avian leukemia, pullorum le mekhoa e meng, e ntlafatsang tlholisano ea lihlahisoa haholo.Ho hloekisoa ha avian leukemia le pullorum ke boto e khuts'oane e sitisang nts'etsopele ea indasteri ea likhoho tsa China, 'me lisebelisoa tsa ho lemoha li itšetlehile haholo ka ho tsoa kantle ho naha.

(2) Ho tsoalisoa ha likhoho tsa masiba a mosehla

Ho tsoalisoa le tlhahiso ea broiler ea masiba a mosehla naheng ea China e maemong a holimo lefatšeng.Leha ho le joalo, palo ea likhoebo tsa ho ikatisa e khōlō, sekala ha se lekane, matla a botekgeniki ka kakaretso aa fokola, tšebeliso ea theknoloji e tsoetseng pele ea ho ikatisa ha ea lekana, ’me lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tsa ho ikatisa li batla li le morao;Ho na le boemo bo itseng ba ketsahalo ea ho ikatisa, 'me ho na le mefuta e fokolang ea mantlha e nang le litšobotsi tse hlakileng, ts'ebetso e babatsehang le karolo e kholo ea' maraka;Ka nako e telele, sepheo sa ho ikatisa ke ho ikamahanya le kamano ea thekiso ea likhoho tse phelang, tse kang 'mala oa masiba, sebōpeho sa' mele le ponahalo, tse ke keng tsa finyella tlhokahalo ea 'maraka ea ho hlajoa le lihlahisoa tse pholileng tlas'a boemo bo bocha.

Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea likhoho tsa lehae Chaena, tse thehileng litšobotsi tse ngata tse babatsehang tsa lefutso tlas'a maemo a nako e telele le a rarahaneng a tikoloho le moruo oa sechaba.Leha ho le joalo, ka nako e telele, ho na le khaello ea lipatlisiso tse tebileng mabapi le litšobotsi tsa lisebelisoa tsa germplasm, lipatlisiso le tlhahlobo ea lisebelisoa tse fapa-fapaneng ha lia lekana, 'me tlhahlobo le tlhahlobo ke ho hloka tšehetso e lekaneng ea boitsebiso.Ntle le moo, kaho ea sistimi e matla ea ho lekola ea lisebelisoa tse fapaneng ha ea lekana, mme tlhahlobo ea litšoaneleho tsa lisebelisoa tse nang le matla a ho ikamahanya le maemo, chai e phahameng le boleng bo phahameng ho mehloli ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ha e na botlalo ebile e hlophisehile, e lebisang khaellong e kholo ea merafo le ho sebelisoa. litšobotsi tse babatsehang tsa mefuta ea lehae, li sitisa mokhoa oa ts'ireletso, nts'etsopele le ts'ebeliso ea lisebelisoa tsa lehae tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me li ama boemo ba tlhahiso ea indasteri ea likhoho Chaena Tlholisano ea Maraka ea lihlahisoa tsa likhoho le tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea indasteri ea likhoho.