Njira zosiyanasiyana zopatsa thanzi zikuyesedwa mosalekeza kuti nyama ya broilers ikhale yabwino.Betaine ali ndi katundu wapadera wopititsa patsogolo thanzi la nyama chifukwa amagwira ntchito yofunikira pakuwongolera bwino kwa osmotic, kagayidwe kazakudya komanso mphamvu ya antioxidant ya nkhuku.Koma kodi iyenera kuperekedwa m'njira yotani kuti igwiritse ntchito mapindu ake onse?

Pakafukufuku waposachedwa wofalitsidwa mu Poultry Science, ofufuza anayesa kuyankha funso lomwe lili pamwambali poyerekezera kukula kwa nkhuku ndi mtundu wa nyama ndi mitundu iwiri ya nyama.betaine: betaine anhydrous ndi hydrochloride betaine.

Betaine imapezeka makamaka ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya mu mawonekedwe oyeretsedwa ndi mankhwala.Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya betaine yamagulu akudya ndi anhydrous betaine ndi hydrochloride betaine.Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwa nyama yankhuku, njira zaulimi wozama zakhazikitsidwa popanga broiler kuti zitheke.Komabe, kupanga kwambiri kumeneku kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa nkhuku za nkhuku, monga kusayenda bwino komanso kuchepa kwa nyama.

Njira yothandiza yolimbana ndi maantibayotiki mu nkhuku

Kutsutsana kofananirako ndikuti kukonza moyo kumatanthauza kuti ogula amayembekezera kulawa kwabwinoko komanso nyama yabwinoko.Chifukwa chake, njira zingapo zopatsa thanzi zayesedwa kuti ziwongolere bwino nyama ya broilers momwe betaine yalandirira chidwi kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito zake zopatsa thanzi komanso zathupi.

Anhydrous vs. hydrochloride

Magwero ambiri a betaine ndi shuga ndi zotsalira zake, monga molasi.Komabe, betaine imapezekanso ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya chokhala ndi mitundu yotchuka kwambiri yamagulu odyetsabetainekukhala anhydrous betaine ndi hydrochloride betaine.

Nthawi zambiri, betaine, monga methyl donor, amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuwongolera bwino kwa osmotic, kagayidwe kazakudya komanso mphamvu ya antioxidant ya ana a broilers.Chifukwa cha mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, anhydrous betaine amawonetsa kusungunuka kwakukulu m'madzi poyerekeza ndi hydrochloride betaine, potero kumawonjezera mphamvu yake ya osmotic.Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, hydrochloride betaine imapangitsa pH kutsika m'mimba, zomwe zimatha kusokoneza kuyamwa kwa michere munjira yosiyana ndi ya anhydrous betaine.

Zakudya

Kafukufukuyu adafuna kufufuza zotsatira za mitundu iwiri ya betaine (anhydrous betaine ndi hydrochloride betaine) pakukula, khalidwe la nyama ndi mphamvu ya antioxidant ya broilers.Anapiye a broiler amphongo okwana 400 omwe angobadwa kumene adagawidwa mwachisawawa m'magulu asanu ndikudyetsa zakudya zisanu panthawi yoyeserera kwa masiku 52.

Magwero a 2 a betaine adapangidwa kuti akhale ofanana.Zakudyazo zinali motere.
Control: Broilers mu gulu lolamulira adadyetsedwa chakudya cha chimanga cha soya
Zakudya za anhydrous betaine: Zakudya za basal zowonjezeredwa ndi milingo iwiri ya 500 ndi 1,000 mg/kg anhydrous betaine.
Zakudya za hydrochloride betaine: Zakudya zoyambira zowonjezeredwa ndi milingo iwiri ya 642.23 ndi 1284.46 mg/kg ya hydrochloride betaine.

Kukula kwa ntchito ndi zokolola za nyama

Mu phunziro ili, zakudya zowonjezeredwa ndi mlingo waukulu wa anhydrous betaine umapangitsa kuti kulemera kwa thupi, kudya, kuchepetsa FCR ndikuwonjezera zokolola za mawere ndi ntchafu poyerekeza ndi magulu onse olamulira ndi hydrochloride betaine.Kuwonjezeka kwa kakulidwe kakulidwe kudalumikizidwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni omwe amawonedwa mu minofu ya mabere: Mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa anhydrous betaine udakwera kwambiri (ndi 4.7%) mapuloteni osapangana mumnofu wamawere pomwe kuchuluka kwa hydrochloride betaine kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni amafuta am'mawere. (ndi 3.9%).

Zinanenedwa kuti izi zitha kukhala chifukwa betaine amatha kutenga nawo gawo mumayendedwe a methionine kuti asawononge methionine pochita ngati methyl donor, motero methionine yochulukirapo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapuloteni a minofu.Zomwezi zidaperekedwanso ku gawo la betaine pakuwongolera mafotokozedwe amtundu wa myogenic ndi njira yowonetsera ya insulin-monga kukula kwa 1 komwe kumathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa mapuloteni a minofu.

Kuphatikiza apo, zidawonetsedwa kuti anhydrous betaine amakoma, pomwe hydrochloride betaine amakoma zowawa, zomwe zingakhudze kukhudzika kwa chakudya komanso kudya kwa nkhuku.Kuphatikiza apo, kagayidwe kazakudya komanso kuyamwa kwa michere kumadalira epithelium yamatumbo osakhazikika, kotero mphamvu ya osmotic ya betaine imatha kukhudza bwino chimbudzi.Anhydrous betaine amawonetsa mphamvu yabwino ya osmotic kuposa hydrochloride betaine chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwake kwakukulu.Chifukwa chake, nkhuku zodyetsedwa ndi anhydrous betaine zitha kukhala ndi digestibility bwino kuposa zomwe zimadyetsedwa hydrochloride betaine.

Minofu post-mortem anaerobic glycolysis ndi antioxidant mphamvu ndi zizindikiro ziwiri zofunika za nyama.Kutaya magazi, kutha kwa oxygen kumasintha kagayidwe ka minofu.Ndiye anaerobic glycolysis imachitika mosalephera ndikuyendetsa lactic acid kudzikundikira.

Mu kafukufukuyu, chakudya chophatikizidwa ndi betaine ya anhydrous yamtundu wambiri idachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa lactate mu minofu ya m'mawere.Kuchuluka kwa lactic acid ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha kuchepa kwa minofu pH pambuyo pa kupha.Kuchuluka kwa minofu ya m'mawere pH yokhala ndi mlingo waukulu wa betaine supplementation mu kafukufukuyu kunasonyeza kuti betaine ikhoza kukhudza minofu ya postmortem glycolysis kuti muchepetse kudzikundikira kwa lactate ndi kuchepa kwa mapuloteni, zomwe zimachepetsanso kutaya.

Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni wa nyama, makamaka lipid peroxidation, ndichifukwa chofunikira kwambiri pakuwonongeka kwamtundu wa nyama zomwe zimachepetsa kufunikira kwa zakudya ndikuyambitsa zovuta zamapangidwe.Mu kafukufukuyu zakudya zowonjezeredwa ndi mlingo waukulu wa betaine zinachepetsa kwambiri zomwe zili mu MDA mu minofu ya m'mawere ndi ntchafu, kusonyeza kuti betaine ikhoza kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni.

Mafotokozedwe a mRNA amtundu wa antioxidant (Nrf2 ndi HO-1) anali oyendetsedwa kwambiri mu gulu la anhydrous betaine kusiyana ndi zakudya za hydrochloride betaine, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa mphamvu ya antioxidant.

Mlingo wovomerezeka

Kuchokera mu kafukufukuyu, ofufuzawo adatsimikiza kuti anhydrous betaine amawonetsa zotsatira zabwino kuposa hydrochloride betaine pakuwongolera kukula komanso zokolola zamafuta amawere mu nkhuku za broiler.Anhydrous betaine (1,000 mg/kg) kapena equimolar hydrochloride betaine supplementation amathanso kupititsa patsogolo nyama ya broilers pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa lactate kuti achulukitse pH yomaliza ya minofu, kuchititsa kagawidwe ka madzi a nyama kuti achepetse kutsika, komanso kukulitsa mphamvu ya antioxidant ya minofu.Poganizira za kukula ndi mtundu wa nyama, 1,000 mg/kg anhydrous betaine analimbikitsidwa kwa ana a nkhuku.