Izinhlobonhlobo zezindlela zokudla okunomsoco ziyaqhubeka zivivinywa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yenyama yezinkukhu ezinkukhu.I-Betaine inezinto ezikhethekile zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yenyama njengoba idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic, i-nutrient metabolism kanye nekhono lokulwa ne-antioxidant lama-broilers.Kodwa kufanele ihlinzekwe ngayiphi indlela ukuze isebenzise zonke izinzuzo zayo?

Ocwaningweni lwakamuva olushicilelwe kuyi-Poultry Science, abacwaningi bazame ukuphendula lo mbuzo ongenhla ngokuqhathanisa ukukhula kwezinkukhu nekhwalithi yenyama nezinhlobo ezi-2 zei-betaine: i-anhydrous betaine ne-hydrochloride betaine.

I-Betaine itholakala kakhulu njengesengezo sokuphakelayo ngendlela ehlanzwe ngamakhemikhali.Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu ze-feed-grade betaine yi-anhydrous betaine ne-hydrochloride betaine.Ngokusetshenziswa okwandayo kwenyama yenkukhu, izindlela zokulima eziqinile ziye zafakwa ekukhiqizeni izinkukhu ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo.Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhiqizwa okunamandla kungase kube nemiphumela emibi kuma-broilers, njengokungahlali kahle kahle kanye nokuncipha kwekhwalithi yenyama.

Enye indlela esebenzayo yama-antibiotic ezinkukhu

Ukuphikisana okufanayo ukuthi ukwenza ngcono izinga lokuphila kusho ukuthi abathengi balindele ukunambitha okungcono kanye nemikhiqizo yenyama esezingeni elingcono.Ngakho-ke, kuye kwazanywa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokudla okunomsoco ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yenyama yama-broilers lapho i-betaine ithole ukunakwa okukhulu ngenxa yemisebenzi yayo yokudla okunomsoco neyomzimba.

I-Anhydrous vs. hydrochloride

Imithombo evamile ye-betaine ama-beet ashukela kanye nemikhiqizo yawo, njengama-molasses.Noma kunjalo, i-betaine iyatholakala futhi njengesengezo sokuphakelayo ngezinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zebanga lokuphakelayoi-betainei-anhydrous betaine ne-hydrochloride betaine.

Ngokuvamile, i-betaine, njenge-methyl donor, idlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ibhalansi ye-osmotic, i-nutrient metabolism kanye namandla okulwa ne-antioxidant ezinkukhu.Ngenxa yezinhlaka ezihlukene zamangqamuzana, i-anhydrous betaine ikhombisa ukuncibilika okukhulu emanzini uma kuqhathaniswa ne-hydrochloride betaine, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulisa amandla ayo e-osmotic.Ngokuphambene, i-hydrochloride betaine yenza ukwehla kwe-pH esiswini, ngaleyo ndlela kube nomthelela ekuthathweni kwezakhi ngendlela ehlukile kune-anhydrous betaine.

Izidlo

Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuphenya umthelela wezinhlobo ezi-2 ze-betaine (i-anhydrous betaine ne-hydrochloride betaine) ekusebenzeni kokukhula, ikhwalithi yenyama namandla e-antioxidant wezinkukhu.Isamba samatshwele angama-400 esilisa asanda kuchanyuselwa ahlukaniswa ngokungahleliwe abe amaqembu angu-5 futhi ondliwe izidlo ezi-5 phakathi nesivivinyo sokuphakelwa kwezinsuku ezingama-52.

Imithombo emi-2 ye-betaine yakhiwe ukuze ilingane.Izidlo bezimi kanje.
Ukulawula: Ama-broilers eqenjini elilawulayo adliwe ukudla okuyisisekelo kwe-corn-soy basal
Ukudla kwe-betaine okune-anhydrous: Ukudla okuyisisekelo okungezwe ngamazinga okugxilisa ama-2 we-500 kanye ne-1,000 mg/kg i-anhydrous betaine
I-Hydrochloride betaine diet: I-Basal diet ehambisana namazinga okugxilisa ama-2 we-642.23 kanye ne-1284.46 mg/kg ye-hydrochloride betaine.

Ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nesivuno senyama

Kulolu cwaningo, ukudla okuhambisana nedosi ephezulu ye-anhydrous betaine kuthuthukise kakhulu ukuzuza kwesisindo, ukudla okudliwayo, kwehlisa i-FCR futhi kwandise isivuno semisipha yesifuba nethanga uma kuqhathaniswa kokubili kokulawula kanye namaqembu e-hydrochloride betaine.Ukwanda kokukhula kokusebenza kubuye kwahlotshaniswa nokwenyuka kokumiswa kwamaprotheni okubonwa emsipha webele: Idosi ephezulu ye-anhydrous betaine yenyuke kakhulu (ngo-4.7%) okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni angcolile emsipha wesifuba kuyilapho umthamo ophezulu we-hydrochloride betaine wenyusa ngokwezinombolo okuqukethwe kwamaprotheni angcolile emsipha wamabele. (ngo-3.9%).

Kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi lo mphumela ungase ube ngenxa yokuthi i-betaine ingabamba iqhaza kumjikelezo we-methionine ukuze ingagcini i-methionine ngokwenza njengomnikeli we-methyl, ngaleyo ndlela i-methionine eningi ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwamaprotheni emisipha.Isichasiso esifanayo sanikezwa nendima ye-betaine ekulawuleni ukubonakaliswa kofuzo lwe-myogenic kanye nendlela yokusayina efana ne-insulin-efana ne-insulin evumela ukwanda kokumiswa kwamaprotheni emisipha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwagqanyiswa ukuthi i-anhydrous betaine inambitheka kamnandi, kuyilapho i-hydrochloride betaine inambitha okubabayo, okungase kuthinte ukunambitheka kokuphakelayo kanye nokudla okuphakelayo kwama-broilers.Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokugayeka kokudla okunomsoco nokumuncwa incike ku-epithelium yamathumbu engaguquki, ngakho amandla e-osmotic e-betaine angase abe nomthelela omuhle ekugayeni ukudla.I-anhydrous betaine ikhombisa umthamo ongcono we-osmotic kune-hydrochloride betaine ngenxa yokuncibilika kwayo okuphezulu.Ngakho-ke, ama-broiler adliwe nge-anhydrous betaine angase abe nokugayeka kokudla kangcono kunalawo aphakelwe i-hydrochloride betaine.

I-muscle post-mortem i-anaerobic glycolysis kanye nomthamo we-antioxidant yizinkomba ezimbili ezibalulekile zekhwalithi yenyama.Ngemuva kokuphuma kwegazi, ukuyeka ukunikezwa komoya-mpilo kushintsha i-muscular metabolism.Khona-ke i-anaerobic glycolysis iyenzeka nakanjani futhi iqhube ukunqwabelana kwe-lactic acid.

Kulolu cwaningo, ukudla okuhlanganiswe nedosi ephezulu ye-anhydrous betaine kwehlise kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-lactate esicupheni samabele.Ukuqoqwa kwe-lactic acid yisizathu esiyinhloko sokuncipha kwe-pH yemisipha ngemva kokuhlatshwa.I-pH yemisipha yebele ephakeme ene-dose ephezulu ye-betaine supplementation kulolu cwaningo iphakamise ukuthi i-betaine ingathinta i-post-mortem glycolysis yemisipha ukuze kuncishiswe ukunqwabelana kwe-lactate kanye nokushintshashintsha kwamaprotheni, okubuye kunciphise ukulahlekelwa ukuvuza.

I-oxidation yenyama, ikakhulukazi i-lipid peroxidation, iyisizathu esibalulekile sokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yenyama okunciphisa inani lokudla ngenkathi kubangela izinkinga zokuthungwa.Kulolu cwaningo ukudla okuhambisana ne-betaine yedosi ephezulu kunciphisa kakhulu okuqukethwe kwe-MDA emisipha yebele nethanga, okubonisa ukuthi i-betaine inganciphisa ukulimala kwe-oxidative.

Izinkulumo ze-mRNA zezakhi zofuzo ze-antioxidant (i-Nrf2 kanye ne-HO-1) zazilawulwa kakhulu eqenjini le-betaine elingenayo i-anhydrous kunokudla kwe-hydrochloride betaine, okuhambisana nokuthuthukiswa okukhulu komthamo we-muscle antioxidant.

Umthamo onconyiwe

Kusukela kulolu cwaningo, abacwaningi baphethe ngokuthi i-anhydrous betaine ibonisa imiphumela engcono kune-hydrochloride betaine ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nesivuno semisipha yamabele ezinkukhu ze-broiler.I-anhydrous betaine (1,000 mg/kg) noma i-equimolar hydrochloride betaine supplementation ingase futhi ithuthukise ikhwalithi yenyama yezinkukhu ezinkukhu ngokunciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-lactate ukuze kwandiswe i-pH yemisipha ekugcineni, kube nomthelela wokusatshalaliswa kwamanzi enyama ukuze kwehle ukulahlekelwa ukuvuza, kanye nokuthuthukisa amandla emisipha e-antioxidant.Uma kucatshangelwa kokubili ukusebenza kokukhula kanye nekhwalithi yenyama, i-anhydrous betaine engu-1,000 mg/kg yanconywa kuma-broilers.